Hyperloop pod competition
The Hyperloop Pod Competition is an annual competition sponsored by SpaceX from 2015–2019 in which a number of student and non-student teams participate to design—and for some, build—a subscale prototype transport vehicle in order to demonstrate technical feasibility of various aspects of the Hyperloop concept. The competitions have been open to participants globally, although all competitions and judging has occurred in the United States.
The 2020 competition was announced in 2019 to be planned for a much longer track, ten times as long as the 1 km track used in the first several years of the annual competition. In the event, Elon Musk confirmed in July 2020 that there would be no competition in 2020, and that they still needed to finish building the longer track, and could be choosing to have a competition for building the tunnel itself.
Overview
There were three judging phases in the 2015–2017 competition: a design competition that was held in January 2016, and two on-track competitions—27–29 January 2017, and, Competition Weekend II, 25–27 August 2017. The on-track portion of the competition is run on the SpaceX Hyperloop test track—or Hypertube—a mile-long, partial-vacuum, diameter steel tube purpose-built in Hawthorne, California, for the competition.Thirty of the 115 teams that submitted designs in January 2016 were selected to build hardware to compete on a sponsored Hyperloop test track in January 2017.
There were more than 1,000 applicants at earlier stages of the competition.
The first competition completed in January 2017. Delft Hyperloop from the Technical University of Delft won the first overall prize. WARR Hyperloop, from the Technical University of Munich, won top honors. In April 2017, 24 teams were selected to compete in Competition Weekend II held in August; WARR Hyperloop won top honors with a top speed in the mile-long test track.
In July 2018, 18 teams competed in the main competition with top speed as the only judged criterion; two additional teams competed in the levitation sub-competition. WARR Hyperloop again won top honors in the main competition, beating its own record with a run; UCSB Hyperloop was the only team to be able to compete in the levitation sub-competition, thus automatically winning.
It was announced during Competition III that Competition IV was confirmed to take place in the northern hemisphere summer of 2019.
Results
History
The outline of the original Hyperloop concept was made public in August 2013 by the release of a preliminary—or alpha level—design document by Elon Musk, with substantial design assistance from an informal group of engineers at both Tesla Motors and SpaceX who worked on the conceptual foundation and modelling of Hyperloop. The preliminary design called for a steel tube, operating in partial vacuum, utilizing pressurized vehicle "pods" to carry passengers or cargo that would ride on an air cushion driven by linear induction motors and air compressors. The alpha design included a notional route running from the Los Angeles region to the San Francisco Bay Area, paralleling the Interstate 5 corridor for most of its length, so that preliminary economic analysis might be done on the concept.Responses to the design paper release included: "a flash of brilliance" and "hypercool" to "nothing new here" to "hype", "another science-fiction dream," and "completely impractical."
Within days of the 2013 announcement, discussions concluded that building a successful Hyperloop subscale demonstration project could reduce the political impediments while improving cost estimates; Musk suggested that he could choose to become personally involved in building a demonstration prototype of the Hyperloop concept, including funding the development effort.
On 15 June 2015, SpaceX announced that they would sponsor a Hyperloop pod design competition, and would build a subscale test track near SpaceX's headquarters in Hawthorne, California, for the competitive event. The competition could be held as early as June 2016.
SpaceX stated in their announcement, "Neither SpaceX nor Elon Musk is affiliated with any Hyperloop companies. While we are not developing a commercial Hyperloop ourselves, we are interested in helping to accelerate development of a functional Hyperloop prototype."
More than 700 teams had submitted preliminary applications by July.
Detailed competition rules were released for the first competition in August 2015, with revisions in October.
Formal Intent to Compete submissions were due 15 September 2015 with SpaceX intending to release the detailed tube and technical specification by October 2015 but became available somewhat later.
A preliminary design briefing was held in November 2015, and, Final Design Packages were due on 13 January 2016. A Design Weekend was held at Texas A&M University on 29–30 January 2016 for all invited entrants. The selected pods will compete at the SpaceX Hyperloop Test Track in January 2017.
More than 120 student engineering teams were selected from the preliminary design briefing presentations in November to submit final design packages in January 2016. The designs were released to public view prior to the end of January 2016, and selected teams were invited to build hardware and compete in time trials, planned for mid-2016 at the time.
SpaceX announced in January 2016 that they had engaged a Los Angeles-based, Fortune-500, engineering design and construction firm AECOM, to build the Hyperloop Test Track. Triumph Group was also recognized as a major contributor to the construction efforts.
At a 29–30 January 2016 meeting at Texas A&M University, hosted by the College of Engineering, the designs from the approximately 120 worldwide teams were reviewed and judged. 30 teams were selected to go forward and build prototype Hyperloop pods for the competition later in the year.
On 30 January 2016, Musk announced that, due to the level of sophistication of the pod designs as well as design issues with economical design approaches to building the test track, "given this level of enthusiasm, there is no question we are going to have another Hyperloop competition." Further information came in August 2016: the team sign-up deadline would be 30 September 2016 to compete in the second pod competition sometime in 2017.
In the event, the mid-2016 competition schedule was delayed to January 2017. TechCrunch published a photograph of the pod competition test track still under construction in September 2016.
Competition teams visited the track for fit checks and vacuum/track tests during the first week of November, and a video was released.
The on-track portion of the competition finally got underway on 27 January 2017.. WARR Hyperloop, from the Technical University of Munich won top honors.
In April 2017, 24 teams were selected to compete in Competition Weekend II. Held in August 2017, WARR Hyperloop won top honors once again, this time with a top speed in the mile-long test track.
In September 2017, SpaceX announced that they would sponsor another competition in the third quarter of 2018.
As with the Competition Weekend II in 2017, only student teams may enter the competition, and the "competition will be judged solely on one criteria: [sic] maximum speed with successful deceleration." Unlike the two test track competitions in 2017 however, all pods must be self-propelled. SpaceX will not provide an external pusher-vehicle as they did provide to facilitate student team pod testing in both the January and August 2017 competitions. Ultra-small pods will not be allowed this time, with minimum pod length set at. There will be an additional sub-competition with up to three qualifying teams allowed to take part in a Levitation Sub-Competition that will require non-wheeled pod levitation and will be tested on an external test track. The pods will need to translate at least down the track, stop, reverse, and translate back to the original position, all while levitating the entire duration. Fastest full cycle wins the levitation sub-competition.
The 2018 competition will take place 22 July 2018.
, Steve Davis—who joined SpaceX as employee no. 9 in 2003, and was then project leader for The Boring Company—had been the operations manager for the Hyperloop Pod Competition since inception.
The fourth year of competition was announced for the northern hemisphere summer of 2019, and the event was run 21 July 2019. The team from the Technical University of Munich—"Team TUM", formerly named "WARR Hyperloop"—again achieved the highest speed on the track at. Although only slightly faster than the previous year, two other teams were able to achieve high-speed runs for the first time. A total of 21 teams competed with some 700 individuals involved from the teams. Four of the teams were able to qualify for track runs.
Following the July 2019 competition, Musk announced that the 2020 competition will be run on a much longer——track that will include a curve, ten times as long as the 1 km straight track used in the first several years of the annual competition.
Technical overview
Each competition has taken place on a, test track built in southern California.Test pods may not carry any human or animal, and are to be used solely to develop new technologies and subsystems for effecting higher-velocity tube transport systems.
The track will facilitate pod test runs where each pod is accelerated, achieves a top measured speed that is reported in real-time, and then decelerates by braking, ostensibly before the end of the test track. There will be a crash pit after the end of the track to absorb the energy of any test pods that fail to come to a stop in the test track tube.
Test track
The SpaceX Hyperloop test track — or Hypertube — was designed in 2015 and was constructed in 2016, reaching its full length of one mile by October 2016. The test track itself is also a prototype, where SpaceX anticipates learning from the design, build process and evaluates how to apply automated construction techniques to future Hyperloop tracks.The design of the pod test track varies significantly from the Hyperloop tube design shown in the initial alpha-level Hyperloop design concept document released in 2013.
The Hypertube test track is designed to enable competitors who implement a wide array of designs and build pods that will test a variety of subsystem technologies that are important to new vehicle transport systems. This will include Hyperloop-specific pods—with air-bearing suspension and low-pressure compressor designs—as well as wheeled vehicle and magnetic levitation rail designs that will support a wide array of vehicle technologies to be tested. Some pods are expected to test only particular subsystems rather than a full Hyperloop-capable pod vehicle design; as well, many pods will have no on-pod compressor to prevent the high-speed choked-flow problem, very unlike the Hyperloop alpha design.
Multiple systems were allowed for propulsion and for levitation/suspension of various team pods. Three explicit suspension types were called out in the year 1 competition rules: wheels, air bearings, and magnetic levitation. In the initial year, Pod propulsion could be On-pod—as envisioned in the alpha Hyperloop design—or for the Hypertube test track, could use a SpaceX-provided Pusher to accelerate pods up to speed in the first 15 percent of track length, or even be unique Off-pod propulsion systems that would need to be integrated into the Hypertube for that Pod's specific test run. In later years, the pods were required to be self-propelled.
Specifications
The test track specifications include:- Outer diameter:
- Inner diameter:
- Wall thickness:
- Length:
- Materials
- * Tube: ASTM A1018 Grade 36 carbon steel
- * Rail: Aluminum 6061-T6
- * Subtrack: AA1370-50 Aluminum alloy for electrical applications
- * Concrete base inside the tube to support wheeled-vehicle pods
- Subtrack thickness: for first and last ; for remainder of tube
- Internal pressure: competitors may select tube operating pressure "in order to support various types of propulsion systems, compressors, and outer mold lines"
- Pumpdown time is expected to be as long as 30 minutes to reach the minimum pressure rating.
- Thermal control system: none provided in the Hypertube. Tube temperature is expected to vary based on time of day and weather, and competitors will need to design their pods accordingly, mitigating thermal hotspots during pumpdown and test runs.
- Braking system: the only Hypertube-provided braking is the emergency foam pit at the end of the mile-long tube. Pods are expected to provide their own pod-specific braking system, one that will react force to the Hypertube by one of four methods: either against the steel tube, or concrete base, or aluminum subtrack, or central rail. Tube requirements limit friction braking against the subtrack or rail to specified limits.
- Power: none provided on the test track during testing; 240VAC/50A and 120VAC/15A power provided in the pod waiting area up through the pre-launch phase within the tube
- Communications: SpaceX will provide a standard Network Access Panel device for mounting on each pod which will communicate to the in-tube network via two, redundant, 1–25 GHz, wave blade antennas. The NAP will also record temperature, acceleration, vibration and shock of each pod in real time during each test run.
- Navigation aids: The tube will include a series of circumferential reflective stripes applied to the inner circumference of the tube, located on the top of the tube, to be used for optical pod navigation, and in particular, awareness of the last of the tube so pod braking may be safely effected.
Vehicle pods
The inside design of the pods vary by team. Some of the teams are solely building pods designed for cargo transport. Other teams designed pods to transport passengers, while other designs would allow adjustments to be made to the pod to allow both, while MIT's team's initial design did not have room for a passenger or cargo and solely relied on the engineering of the pod. The University of Colorado, Denver's team incorporated a removable capsule that allows it to be exchanged for a cargo hold or passenger space. New York University's team has created a vehicle that only allows cargo transportation.
Competitions
Competition I (January 2016 and January 2017)
Competing teams
Teams advancing to the prototype hardware build stage for 2016 include representatives from four continents and at least six countries. The selected teams include:- AZLoop, Arizona State University, Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University, and Northern Arizona University
- Hyperloop Poland University of Wroclaw and University of Warsaw
- Badgerloop, University of Wisconsin–Madison
- Bayou Bengals, Louisiana State University
- Berkeley Hyperloop, University of California, Berkeley
- Carnegie Mellon Hyperloop, air-bearing subsystem Carnegie Mellon University
- Codex, pod design uses magnetic levitation suspension; team has only eight members as of February 2016. Oral Roberts University
- Delft Hyperloop, Delft University of Technology
- Drexel Hyperloop, building a design with air-bearing suspension and a compression braking using built-up air pressure in the Hypertube. Team is approximately 80 undergraduate students. Drexel University
- Gatorloop, pod design uses wheel suspension. University of Florida
- HyperBears, Baylor University
- HyperLift, St. John's School The only high school team in the competition.
- Hyperloop UC, pod design used magnetic levitation, and was the first to demonstrate such technology. University of Cincinnati
- Hyperloop Toronto, University of Toronto
- Hyperloop at Virginia Tech V-17, Virginia Tech
- HyperXite, University of California Irvine
- Illini Hyperloop, has a history of previous Hyperloop design projects in the Mechanical Science and Engineering program, the first dating to the fall term of 2013. In addition to four subsystem design teams, the Illini group has a fifth, cross-disciplinary team focusing on safety and reliability, the prevention of branching failures. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Keio Alpha, Micro-pod architecture consist of active and passive magnetic levitation suspension with a passive eddy current brake. It should weigh less than 45 kg and does not need to carry dummy passenger. Keio University
- Lehigh Hyperloop, Lehigh University
- Hyperloop Makers UPV team Valencia, Spain, magnetic levitation based on attraction to the top of the tube. Rail-free and clean tube layout, compensation of inertial forces, reduced air-evacuation cost and up to 30% savings in infrastructure. Powered by detachable batteries, propulsion through compression and expansion of air with a nozzle. Universitat Politècnica de Valencia.
- Mercury Three, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
- MIT Hyperloop Team, magnetic levitation suspension and high speed are the design focal points. no compressor for this test pod. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- NYU Hyperloop, Slate, a freight-only pod, will use air-bearing suspension; is being designed and built by a team of, as of February 2016, less than ten undergraduate students. New York University
- OpenLoop, pod design will use an air-bearing suspension and compressor similar to the original 2013 Hyperloop alpha design. multi-university team of Cornell University, Harvey Mudd College, University of Michigan, Northeastern University, Memorial University of Newfoundland, and Princeton University
- Purdue Hyperloop, Purdue University
- rLoop, Inc., The only non-student team that advanced in the competition and won the "Innovation Award." Initially conceived on a Reddit forum, rLoop is now a full-fledged, funded Hyperloop initiative with activity in over 14 countries.
- TAMU Aerospace Hyperloop, Texas A&M
- Team Frigates, Shiv Nadar University, Undergraduate design team consisting of 8 students from different disciplines, namely Mechanical, Physics and Electronics and Communications.
- Team HyperLynx, pod design uses high-speed wheel suspension, with a modular/removable payload design for a pod with a total mass of, aiming for a top speed of. University of Colorado-Denver
- UCSB Hyperloop, pod design will use magnetic levitation suspension. Test runs will be accelerated by the Hypertube pusher. Undergraduate design team of 20 members. University of California-Santa Barbara
- UMD Loop, University of Maryland
- USC Hyperloop, University of Southern California
- UWashington Hyperloop, University of Washington
- Waterloop, a Canadian team designing a pod with air levitation, magnetic brakes and control, targeted at aiming for a cruising velocity of while carrying a payload of. University of Waterloo
- VicHyper, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology
- WARR Hyperloop, pod design will use an electrodynamic suspension system to levitate and an axial compressor to minimize aerodynamic drag from the residual air inside the tube when the pod is moving at high velocity. Technical University of Munich
- HyperPodX, a German team with a pod designed to levitate using a series of fixed magnets following a Halbach array and a pusher with 4 electric motors for acceleration to high velocities The team is comprised from the conjoined effort from Engineering Physics students from the University of Oldenburg and the Hochschule Emden/Leer
Phase 1: Design weekend (January 2016)
MIT Hyperloop Team's design was awarded received the "Best Overall Design Award", among the 23 designs selected to move to the prototype stage. The design proposes a 250 kg pod with a carbon fiber and polycarbonate sheet exterior. It is elevated by a passive magnetic levitation system comprising 20 neodymium magnets that will maintain a 15 mm distance above the track.
The team says with air pressure at 140 Pascals, the pod could accelerate at 2.4 G and have 2 Newton aerodynamic drag when traveling at 110 m/s. The design includes a fail-safe braking system that automatically halts the pod should the actuators or computers fail, and low speed emergency drive wheels that can move the pod 1 m/s.
Delft Hyperloop received a "Pod Innovation Award",
while Badgerloop, Hyperloop at Virginia Tech, and HyperXite at UC Irvine each received a "Pod Technical Excellence Award". One award for "Best Non-Student Team" was awarded to rLoop, a team which formed on the SpaceX subreddit.
In addition to the five pod awards above, nine subsystem awards and three "design only" awards were given to teams, most to teams that were not chosen to continue on to the on-track competition.
Technical awards for outstanding technical merit in subsystem and design, based on "innovation and uniqueness of subsystem design, full Hyperloop system applicability and economics; level of design detail; strength of supporting analysis and tests; and quality of documentation and presentation."
Best Overall Subsystem Award: Auburn University Hyperloop Team, Auburn University; Safety Subsystem Technical Excellence Award: UWashington Hyperloop, University of Washington; Special Innovation Award in the Other Subsystem: RIT Imaging, Rochester Institute of Technology; :Levitation Subsystem Technical Excellence Award: TAMU Aerospace Hyperloop, Texas A&M; Braking Subsystem Technical Excellence Award: VicHyper, RMIT University; Propulsion/Compression Subsystem Technical Excellence Award: , Universitat Politècnica de València; Subsystem Technical Excellence Awards: Hyped, University of Edinburgh; Conant Hyperloop Club, Conant High School; Subsystem Innovation Award: Ryerson's International Hyperloop Team, Ryerson University.
Top Design Concept Award: ; Design Concept Innovation Award: Nova Hyperloop Team, University of Cairo; Design Concept Innovation Award: Auburn University Hyperloop Team.
Phase 2: Test track runs (January 2017)
Phase 2 of the competition ran 27–29 January 2017 after previously being planned for as early as August 2016. 27 teams competed in two overall categories and five subcategories. Each pod in the competition needed to progress through ten sequential tests, only the last of which would be a vacuum-environment speed run in the mile-long Hypertube. Problems with dust and misalignment of the track limited performance and caused widespread problems. Just three of the competition pods successfully completed the nine tests that enabled them to make a vacuumized tube run on 29 January. The winning teams were:;Overall
- Fastest Pod Award: WARR Hyperloop
- Overall Score: Delft Hyperloop
- Best Performance in Flight: WARR Hyperloop
- Best Performance in Operations: UMDloop
- Design and Construction: Delft Hyperloop
- Pod Innovation Award: Badgerloop and
- Safety and Reliability: MIT Hyperloop
Competition II (August 2017)
The rules for Competition II were released in August 2016. Unlike Competition I — where multiple judging criteria were used and multiple classes of vehicles and vehicle subsystems were judged — Competition II was judged by a single criterion: "maximum speed with successful deceleration."
While approximately 24 teams competed, only the top three were selected to make test runs on SpaceX's HyperTube, a 1.25-kilometer track located at the company's headquarters in Hawthorne, California.WARR Hyperloop won the competition with a test run clocked at. Paradigm won second with a top speed of. Swissloop placed third with a top speed of .
As of April 2017, 24 teams had been qualified to participate in the August 2017 competition. It is unclear how many teams actually participated.
For the 2017 competition, a Bloomberg journalist reported that entrants were required to hand over rights for SpaceX to use any of their technology in the future without compensation, but no requirement to this effect is found in the competition rules.
Competition III (July 2018)
The rules for Competition III were released in September 2017. One substantial change from Competition II was that "All Pods must be self-propelled. SpaceX not provide an external Pusher" as they had on offer for teams during the first two pod competitions.Testing week
The competition began with the testing week prior to competition weekend where teams were required to pass a series of comprehensive safety tests in order to eligible for a run in the vacuum tube.Several teams encountered difficulties during the week, including fried circuit boards and overheated batteries. However, six teams passed the final "open-air run" and were eligible for the final competition.
Three teams were ultimately the only final competitors.
Competition weekend
The final competition took place during the competition weekend on 22 July 2018. Each team demonstrated their respective pods while the "tube runs" took place for the final three competitors. Netherlands' Delft Hyperloop was first to make an attempt with a top speed of 142 km/h before stalling in the tube. Switzerland's EPFLoop was second, yet complications led to a top speed of only.Germany's WARR Hyperloop were the defending champions, and beat their own record with a top speed of during their run.
Three awards were later given out to WARR Hyperloop for their innovation in designing and building two pods; one for the main competition and the other for the levitation sub-competition. The other two awards went to the University of Washington Hyperloop team and Ireland's ÉirLoop.
Competition IV (July 2019)
Teams
19 teams competed in the 2019 competition.| Avishkar | Indian Institute of Technology Madras |
| Badgerloop | University of Wisconsin – Madison |
| Delft Hyperloop | Delft University of Technology |
| EPFLoop | EPFL – École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne |
| HYPED | The University of Edinburgh |
| Hyperloop at Virginia Tech | Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University |
| Hyperloop UPV | Universitat Politècnica de València |
| Hyperlynx | University of Colorado – Denver |
| HyperXite | University of California – Irvine |
| Midwest Hyperloop | Purdue University; University of Cincinnati; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign |
| MIT Hyperloop II | MIT – Massachusetts Institute of Technology; University of Texas at Austin |
| OneLoop | University of California – Davis |
| Paradigm Hyperloop | Northeastern University; Memorial University of Newfoundland; College of the North Atlantic |
| Queen's Hyperloop Design Team | Queen's University |
| SLOLoop | California Polytechnic State University – San Luis Obispo |
| Swissloop | ETH Zurich |
| TUM Hyperloop | Technical University of Munich |
| UMD Loop | University of Maryland |
| UNSW Hyperloop | The University of New South Wales |
| uWinLoop & SCCLoop | University of Windsor; St. Clair College |
| Washington Hyperloop | University of Washington |
Key changes
Competition IV was quite similar to Competition III in most respects, with a few key changes being made.Notably, teams used their own communications system. SpaceX did not provide an on-pod communications system, as they had in the past.
Additionally, pods were designed and tested to propel themselves within 100 feet of the far end of the tube before stopping. This change was made to eliminate the difficulties of retrieving a pod that had ended its run in the middle of the tube.
Testing week
As with previous competitions, the actual "competition weekend" was preceded by a week of comprehensive safety and function tests for each team. Teams eligible to perform a full vacuum run in the tube are selected based on the results of such tests.Four teams were selected to run at the end of testing week: TUM Hyperloop, Delft Hyperloop, Swissloop, and EPFLoop.
Competition weekend
During the actual competition, TUM Hyperloop was once again the victor, achieving a record top speed of, beating their previous record set in Competition III by only. TUM had hoped to achieve a speed closer to, but was stopped short of this speed as the pod suffered visible damage and was forced to emergency brake.According to TUM Hyperloop's Instagram page, the cause of the damage was due to the derailment of one of their propulsion modules, "most likely because of a misalignment of the rail segments. With the pod consequently running too low, some of the other modules were deformed and made one of the motors hit the shell. The biggest impact occurred when one of the screws that hold the rail to the ground hit one of our brakes, ripping apart its bottom".