The Illinois General Assembly was created by the first state constitution adopted in 1818. Initially, the state did not have organized political parties, but the Democratic and Whig parties began to form in the 1830s. Future U.S. President Abraham Lincoln successfully campaigned as a member of the Whig Party to serve in the General Assembly in 1834. He served four successive terms 1834-42 in the Illinois House of Representatives, supporting expanded suffrage and economic development. The Illinois Republican Party was organized at a conference held in Major's Hall in Bloomington, Illinois on May 29, 1856. Its founding members came from the former Whig Party in Illinois after its members joined with several powerful local political factions including, notably, the Independent Democrat movement of Chicago that helped elect James Hutchinson Woodworth as mayor in 1848. During the election of 1860 in which Lincoln was elected president, Illinois also elected a Republican governor and legislature, but the trials of war helped return the state legislature to the Democrats in 1861. The Democratic-led legislature investigated the state's war expenditures and the treatment of Illinois troops, but with little political gain. They also worked to frame a new state constitution nicknamed the "Copperhead constitution", which would have given Southern Illinois increased representation and included provisions to discourage banking and the circulation of paper currency. Voters rejected each of the constitution's provisions, except the bans on black settlement, voting and office holding. The Democratic Party came to represent skepticism in the war effort, until Illinois' Democratic leader Stephen A. Douglas changed his stance and pledged his full support to Lincoln. The Democratic Party swept the 1862 election. They passed resolutions denouncing the federal government's conduct of the war and urging an immediate armistice and peace convention in the Illinois House of Representatives, leading the Republican governor to suspend the legislature for the first time in the state's history. In 1864, Republicans swept the state legislature and at the time of Lincoln's assassination, Illinois stood as a solidly Republican state. In 1877, John W. E. Thomas was the first African American elected to the legislature. In 1922, Lottie Holman O'Neill was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives, becoming the first woman to serve in the Illinois General Assembly. From 1870 to 1980, the state was divided into 51 legislative districts, each of which elected one senator and three representatives. The representatives were elected by cumulative voting, in which a voter had three votes that could be distributed to either one, two, or three candidates. This system was abolished with the Cutback Amendment in 1980. Since then, the House has been elected from 118 single-member districts formed by dividing the 59 Senate districts in half. Each senator is "associated" with two representatives. Future U.S. President Barack Obama was elected to the Illinois Senate in 1996, serving there until 2004 when he was elected to the United States Senate. In the 2018 elections, Democrats increased their seat holding in the chamber from 67-51 to 74-44 giving them a supermajority. The Illinois state government is also currently a democratic trifecta meaning the Democratic Party has the governors position and both legislative chambers.
Terms of members
Members of the House of Representatives are elected to a two-year term without term limits. Members of the Illinois Senate serve two four-year terms and one two-year term each decade. This ensures that Senate elections reflect changes made when the General Assembly is redistricted following each United States Census. To prevent complete turnovers in membership, not all Senators are elected simultaneously. The term cycles for the Senate are staggered, with the placement of the two-year term varying from one district to another. Each district's terms are defined as 2-4-4, 4-2-4, or 4-4-2. Like House members, Senators are elected without term limits.
Officers
The officers of the General Assembly are elected at the beginning of each even number year. Representatives of the House elect from its membership a Speaker and Speaker pro tempore, drawn from the majority party in the chamber. The Illinois Secretary of State convenes and supervises the opening House session and leadership vote. State senators elect from the chamber a President of the Senate, convened and under the supervision of the governor. Since the adoption of the current Illinois Constitution in 1970, the Lieutenant Governor of Illinois does not serve in any legislative capacity as Senate President, and has had its office's powers transferred to other capacities. The Illinois Auditor General is a legislative officer appointed by the General Assembly that reviews all state spending for legality.
Sessions and qualifications
The General Assembly's first official working day is the second Monday of January each year, with the Secretary of State convening the House, and the governor convening the Senate. In order to serve as a member in either chamber of the General Assembly, a person must be a U.S. citizen, at least 21 years of age, and for the two years preceding his election or appointment a resident of the district which they represent. In the general election following a redistricting, a candidate for any chamber of the General Assembly may be elected from any district which contains a part of the district in which he or she resided at the time of the redistricting and reelected if a resident of the new district he represents for 18 months prior to reelection.
Restrictions
Members of the General Assembly may not hold other public offices or receive appointments by the governor, and their salaries may not be increased during their tenure.
Veto powers
The General Assembly has the power to override gubernatorial vetoes through a three-fifths majority vote in each chamber. The governor has different types of veto like a full veto and a reduction veto. If the governor decides that the bill needs changes, he will ask for an amendatory veto. SPRINGFIELD, ILL. — During a six-day fall veto session 2019 lawmakers took up public marijuana consumption limits as well as placing a price cap on insulin. Other high-profile measures, including a flavored vaping product ban and a bill that would allow college athletes to make money off endorsement deals were stalled and won’t be brought back up until at least early next year.
COVID-19
In the first quarter of 2020, Covid-19 took a large toll on the Illinois economy. Governor Pritzker announced a statewide say at home order issued in late March. Since then the sate has been progressing through the levels or normalcy. With small businesses shut down and large corporations slacking as well, the economy has taken a large toll. University of Illinois economist Fred Giertz said in an interview that virtually all of the decline occurred in the final weeks, after Gov. J.B Pritzker issued a statewide stay-at-home order that forced many businesses, schools and other employers to shut down or scale back operations. From the pandemic, the state has gained a $7 billion hole due to expenses from hospitals and general service. Also the schools have been shut down for the safety of the students and staff. But people are saying we need to get back to school so that the students can get the education they deserve. This large debt will impact the citizens of Illinois for quite some time after the pandemic recedes.
Reforms
Some state lawmakers are calling for police reform. This call for reform has made lawmakers call for a special session to occur before the one in November. One bill that was introduced by Representative Kam Buckner would require a review of investigations of officer- involved death by an appointed special prosecutor. Governor J.B Pritzker said he was more im favor of independent investigations of officers.
School Issues
It will take a long time for students to return to their “normal” school life because of the coronavirus pandemic. Schools have shut down in regards to protecting the health of students and staff. However, schools need to open sometime soon for students to continue to learn and grow. As a result, Illinois has changed the school code recently. “ The legislation also waives student assessment requirements if the Illinois State Board of Education has received a waiver from the U.S. Department of Education.” The legislation waives student assessment requirements. Schools have to allow remote learning days and up to 5 remote learning planning days to be considered attendance days. These new legislations are in the best interest for students, teachers, and parents during COVID 19 to have a safe and interactive school year.
