Ingetraut Dahlberg


Ingetraut Dahlberg was a German information scientist and philosopher who developed the universal Information Coding Classification covering some 6,500 subject fields. Her career spanned various roles in research, teaching, editing, and publishing. Dahlberg founded the journal International Classification as well as both the scientific Society for Classification and International Society for Knowledge Organization.

Professional career

Early years

The interest of Ingetraut Dahlberg in Documentation started when – at an age of 10 years – she received a camera from her father at Christmas. She started to document everything she regarded as important.
Ingetraut Dahlberg lived most of her time in Frankfurt/Main. She studied Philosophy, History, Anglistics, Catholic Theology, and Biology at the universities of Frankfurt, Würzburg and Düsseldorf with one college year in the United States in between.
She married the physicist Dr. Reinhard Dahlberg, with whom she had her son Wolfgang.

Professional start

In 1959 she started a position at the Gmelin Institute headed by Prof. Dr. Erich Pietsch. Her job was to create bibliographical publications within the Documentation Center for Nuclear power. In 1961 she changed to abstracting work on economical topics in the “Rationalisierungs-Kuratorium der Deutschen Wirtschaft”.
In the years 1962-63 she took part in a one-year course to become a Scientific Documentalist. This course was organized by the “German Documentation Society” at the Gmelin Institute.

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Dokumentation (DGD) (German Documentation Society)

After the course she started a position with the “Deutsche Gesellschaft für Dokumentation”, Frankfurt. where she had to take care of the library and the documentation of documentation literature. In order to follow an invitation by Prof. Raymund Pepinsky, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, to help in a documentation center for crystallographic data documentation, she could take leave for the year 1964-65 to work at his “Groth Institute for Crystalographic Data Documentation”. Later on, she could move to the university library ; and could work in the first US-library to have a computer for this bibliographic work. Together with Jean Perreault she worked on problems of categories and relations in classification.
After her return to Frankfurt, she was appointed director of the “DGD-Library and Documentation Center”. She also was asked to establish a Committee for Thesaurus Research and Classification to be chaired by Prof. Martin Scheele with Ingetraut Dahlberg acting as secretary. During this time she established also a descriptor system for information sciences.
During this period the president of the DGD, Prof. Helmut Arntz sent her also to The Hague for cooperation with a FID-UDC-Revision Committee for UDC numbers 03/04 out of which she developed a classification system of document types and their special aspect-oriented concepts covering more than 1,000 concepts.
In the years 1967-1974 she also collaborated in the work of the German Standardization Institute on terminology, concerning DIN 2330 “Concepts and Terms, General Principles” and DIN 2331 “Concept Systems and their Presentation” Here she met Prof. Eugen Wüster, who had some influence on her further work.
In 1970, she was also delegated to cooperate in a Committee for Classification and Indexing in the context of the UNISIST-Program of UNESCO, headed by Douglas John Foskett.

Taking a doctor's degree

In 1971, she left the DGD in order to take up a postgraduate study in Philosophy with Prof. Alwin Diemer in Düsseldorf on further subjects such as General Linguistics and History of science. Her doctoral advisor suggested the scope and title: A Universal Classification System of Knowledge: its ontological, science-theoretical and information-theoretical foundations. Dahlberg obtained her degree in 1973; the thesis was published in 1974 by Verlag Dokumentation K. Saur as: Foundations for a universal organization of knowledge.

Free lance work

During the work for her doctoral thesis she continued as a free lance for projects additional to her work for her M.D..
In 1974, she founded the Journal International Classification. Her coeditors were Alwin Diemer, Eugen Wüster, Jean Perreault and A. Neelameghan.
Its first issue contained Dahlberg's article “Zur Theorie des Begriffs”, in which she published her new concept theory for the first time. She referred to this article quite often in later publications. Her concept was considerably influenced by Gottlob Frege.
Since its very beginning the journal contained – next to scientific articles – also a section on news, book reviews, and a continuing bibliography of current classification literature.
In 1992, the journal changed its name into Knowledge Organization. It has been published under this name up to today.

Appearance of the Information Coding Classification

In 1977, the universal classification system of subject fields was ready and named Information Coding Classification. It is based on nine Levels of being and structured by nine facets. Its first presentation took place in Bangalore, India, during a seminar at S. R. Ranganathan’s Documentation Research and Training Centre. It was a full success. The seminar proceedings were published under the title “Ontical Structures and Universal Classification”. Before and after this seminar week, Ms. Dahlberg lectured at several universities in India.

Founding of INDEKS Company

In 1979, Ingetraut Dahlberg and her son Wolfgang set up a firm under the name of INDEKS purporting to establish indexes and classification systems. In 1980, she continued the firm without her son called from then on INDEKS Verlag.

Founding “Gesellschaft für Klassifikation (GfKl) Data Science Society”

For a meeting on 12 February 1977, Dahlberg invited representatives from libraries and documentation centres, commodity cataloguers, physics, chemistry and mathematics to come to Frankfurt in order to found the . Already on June 4, 1977 she organized the first annual conference in Münster/Westfalen. She was elected chairperson of the society and acted also as its secretary until 1989. She organized the annual conferences until 1986 and published the proceedings volumes.

The FID Committee for Classification Research

Dahlberg was also chair of this Committee 1981 – 1987. During this time she organized its conferences in Canada, Germany and India. Twice she took the opportunity as head of GfKl and FID/CR to combine their conferences in 1979 and 1982.

Founding “International Society for Knowledge Organization (ISKO)

Owing to an increasing preponderance of mathematic-oriented members, the Gesellschaft für Klassifikation split in 1989 on the initiative of its concept-oriented members, who founded the “International Society for Knowledge Organization e.V.”. Ingetraut Dahlberg was elected president, Robert Fugmannn vice-president ISKO obtained also the care of the journal “International Classification”, founded by Dahlberg. The new term “Knowledge Organization” instead of classification soon became common usage and also the journal was renamed accordingly.
Next to managing ISKO's head-organization Dahlberg also assisted in the creation of ISKO's national chapters. She took an active part in the organization of international conferences evry other year and also in the German conferences in the intermediate years. She helped editing and published respective proceedings volumes.

Retracting from official positions

At the age of 70 and because of health problems, Ingetraut Dahlberg retired from her official positions in 1997. In 1998 she left Frankfurt for Bad König, a spa town in the eastern Odenwald mountain area, 75 km south of Frankfurt.
She transferred her INDEKS publishing house to the Ergon Verlag in Würzburg. Charles Gilreath from Texas A&M University became the new editor-in-chief for Knowledge Organization and Hanne Albrechtsen from Denmark became the new ISKO president for the rest of Dahlberg's elected time. Her special library of classification, terminology and information science literature went to the Maastricht McLuhan Institute for Digital Culture and Knowledge Organization, directed by Prof. Dr. Kim H. Veltman. Nevertheless, she remained engaged with her main occupational concern via by contacts, publications, and lectures.

Influence

More recent Work

After an encounter with Walter Koch, Graz, during a conference in Karlsruhe in 2010. Ms. Dahlberg started to digitize some 3,500 of the 6,500 concepts of knowledge fields with their definitions in a table sheet file and also many concepts of the so-called “general concepts” from the zero-level of ICC. These work could serve as starting base for a linkage e.g. with WordNet, as it has been demonstrated in a paper by Ernesto DeLuca, Potsdam at the international ISKO Congress in Kraków, in May 2014. Her recent book, published 2014, on “Knowledge Organization, Development, Task, Application, Future” also details some of the activities mentioned. It addresses particularly computer scientists, in order to convey to them a humanistic view on the content related treatment of their data, but turns also to readers wishing to access the topic principally. It also covers the theoretical basis of ICC and shows its many-fold potential for applications. She emphasizes her conception – next to subject-related aspects – of an innovating approach to science-policy issues. She strongly recommends Knowledge Organization to be anchored in universities as a discipline of its own under “Science of Science”. Already in 1974 she had provided in her ICC a position for Knowledge Organization under the subject group “81”. She considers indeed this field to be explored within an institute or an academy since there is such a huge amount of work to be accomplished under the fruitful auspices of the whole array of insights gained so far.

Activities

Ingetraut Dahlberg was active in the area of classification, thesauri, terminology and knowledge organization. On these topics she has written far more than 300 publications. Apart from her own scientific work, she considerably contributed to furthering these topics also by the founding the journal “International Classification” in 1974 under its later name Knowledge Organization. She also directed a number of groups and institutions concerned with these scientific branches by organizing conferences and editing and publishing the proceedings volumes of these conferences. She also collaborated in the elaboration of standards as well as DIN 32705, later on also for ISO/TC37. For 23 years she was editor-in-chief of her journal and founded the “Gesellschaft für Klassifikation e.V.” and the “International Society for Knowledge Organization e.V.”. She also organized altogether 20 conferences for these two organizations and for FID/CR and COCTA.

Teaching Appointments

Starting 1976 she received teaching appointments at the University of Mainz . The project “Logstruktur” was connected with this appointment. It meant to explore the structure of definitions of the collected terms of ca. 6,500 knowledge fields and to systematize them. With this, the preliminary work was ready for an encyclopedia of knowledge fields. Further teaching appointments were at the University of Saarbrücken, Hochschule Hannover and Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences. In addition, Dahlberg was often requested to lecture at many universities and gave seminars in India and Brazil.

Publications

Ms. Dahlberg wrote far more than 300 publications among which also encyclopedic entries on classification and knowledge organization.

Mission

Ingetraut Dahlberg deplores the dispersion of knowledge in our times and finds the reason for this development in the diversity of thesauri and also of subject-oriented ontologies. As a practical-sensed philosopher, she would promote a sort of order reaching beyond a single subject-orientation being further developed and completed.

Awards