Institutional betrayal is a concept described by psychologist Jennifer Freyd. referring to "wrongdoings perpetrated by an institution upon individuals dependent on that institution, including failure to prevent or respond supportively to wrongdoings by individuals committed within the context of the institution". It is an extension of betrayal trauma theory. In a landmark study, Carly P. Smith and Jennifer Freyd documented psychological harm caused by institutional betrayal. A legal analysis concludes that this study is reliable under Frye and Daubert standards. When institutions such as universities cover up violations such as rape, sexual assault and child sexual abuse, this institutional betrayal undermines survivors' recovery. The term is receiving increased attention based on recent White House statements about sexual assault on college campuses. The term is also used by the Our Harvard Can Do Betterstudent group at Harvard University. Recent debate about how colleges respond to sexual assault by students has brought this issue renewed media attention. Institutional betrayal can occur within families, governments and the military, organizations, workplaces, religious institutions, or any organizational system in which people are dependent on systemic protection. Individuals who have experienced extensive trauma appear to be both less satisfied with police responses in the face of an intimate partner violence incident and more distrustful of police. Therefore, these individuals may experience feelings of institutional betrayal due to a perceived failure of the police to prevent further revictimization. Individuals who have been frequently retraumatized are also the ones most likely to utilize health care and mental health services. Institutional betrayal in the medical system is currently being investigated in the Canadian health care system. It is hypothesized that institutional betrayal in the medical system will explain symptoms of PTSD, depression and anxietyabove and beyond the effects of general tendencies to trust others or the patient satisfaction with the care received. Institutional courage is a concept described by psychologist Jennifer Freyd as the antidote to institutional betrayal. Institutional courage refers to "rightdoings" by which institutions demonstrate accountability, transparency, and support of individuals who are harmed within the context of the institution.
