Inverted roller coaster


An inverted roller coaster is a roller coaster in which the train runs under the track with the seats directly attached to the wheel carriage. This latter attribute is what sets it apart from the older suspended coaster, which runs under the track, but swings via a pivoting bar attached to the wheel carriage. The coaster type's inverted orientation, where the passengers' legs are exposed, distinguishes it from a traditional roller coaster, where the passengers' arms are instead exposed.
The inverted coaster was pioneered by the Swiss roller coaster designers Bolliger & Mabillard in the early 1990s. The first installation came at Six Flags Great America in 1992. opened to much fanfare and was "cloned" many times at other parks. The inverted coaster quickly became an industry favorite with custom designs installed nearly every year. The tallest and fastest inverted coaster is Wicked Twister at Cedar Point at tall and reaching speeds up to. The longest inverted coaster is Banshee at Kings Island which travels along of track.
Other roller coaster manufacturers followed in the footsteps of Bolliger & Mabillard and began working on their own inverted coaster designs, including Vekoma, Intamin and other smaller companies. Intamin has few designs classified as inverted coasters, although they do install inverted coaster trains on some of their launched designs. Vekoma, on the other hand, usually mass-produces the same design with 41 identical coasters – and a few variations of that design – installed around the world. Also, in recent years, Vekoma has become the first manufacturer to install a family-friendly inverted roller coaster. Giovanola also has a single inverted coaster operating.
The inversions usually include vertical loops, zero gravity rolls, Immelmann loops, cobra rolls, and corkscrews.

Installations

189 inverted roller coasters have been installed at various theme parks, some of which have been relocated. The following list is not exhaustive and only shows the most notable installations.
NameParkOpenedManufacturerStatus
Six Flags Great America1992Bolliger & MabillardOperating
Six Flags Great Adventure1993Bolliger & MabillardOperating
Flight DeckCalifornia's Great America1993Bolliger & MabillardOperating
Six Flags Magic Mountain1994Bolliger & MabillardOperating
RaptorCedar Point1994Bolliger & MabillardOperating
NemesisAlton Towers1994Bolliger & MabillardOperating
El CondorWalibi Holland1994VekomaOperating
DiavloHimeji Central Park1994Bolliger & MabillardOperating
Six Flags St. Louis1995Bolliger & MabillardOperating
T3Kentucky Kingdom1995VekomaOperating
EurostarGerman Traveling Fairs1995Intamin/GiovanolaOperating
Flight DeckCanada's Wonderland1995VekomaOperating
Rusutsu Resort1995VekomaOperating
Lethal Weapon - The RideWarner Bros. Movie World1995VekomaOperating
Fly - The Great Nor'easterMorey's Piers1995VekomaOperating
1995VekomaOperating
Mind EraserSix Flags America1995VekomaOperating
MontuBusch Gardens Tampa Bay1996Bolliger & MabillardOperating
Six Flags Over Georgia1997Bolliger & MabillardOperating
The Great WhiteSeaWorld San Antonio1997Bolliger & MabillardOperating
Mind EraserDarien Lake1997VekomaOperating
Mind EraserSix Flags New England1997VekomaOperating
Mind EraserElitch Gardens1997VekomaOperating
Formosa Aboriginal Culture Village1997VekomaOperating
AlpengeistBusch Gardens Williamsburg1997Bolliger & MabillardOperating
1997VekomaOperating
1997VekomaOperating
Great BearHersheypark1998Bolliger & MabillardOperating
Linear Gale1998IntaminOperating
Volcano, The Blast CoasterKings Dominion1998IntaminClosed 2018
Blue TornadoGardaland1998VekomaOperating
1998VekomaOperating
Kong
Formerly The Hangman		Six Flags Discovery Kingdom
Opryland		1998
1995		VekomaOperating
Closed 1997
Tornado1999IntaminOperating
Six Flags Over Texas1999Bolliger & MabillardOperating
Dragon ChallengeIslands of Adventure1999Bolliger & MabillardClosed 2017
1999VekomaOperating
AfterburnCarowinds1999Bolliger & MabillardOperating
Heide Park1999VekomaOperating
Gold Reef City1999GiovanolaOperating
Twisted TyphoonWild Adventures1999VekomaOperating
Walibi Belgium1999VekomaOperating
InvertigoKings Island1999VekomaOperating
1999PinfariClosed 2007
Parque de la Costa1999VekomaOperating
1999IntaminOperating
KatunMirabilandia2000Bolliger & MabillardOperating
Six Flags Mexico2000VekomaOperating
2000Fabbri GroupOperating
2001VekomaOperating
MP XpressMovie Park Germany2001VekomaOperating
TalonDorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom2001Bolliger & MabillardOperating
TornadoSärkänniemi2001IntaminOperating
Fuji-Q Highland2001Operating
Leofoo Village Theme Park2001IntaminOperating
Vertical VelocitySix Flags Great America2001IntaminOperating
Parque Warner Madrid2002Bolliger & MabillardOperating
Stunt FallParque Warner Madrid2002VekomaOperating
Wicked TwisterCedar Point2002IntaminOperating
Le VampireLa Ronde2002Bolliger & MabillardOperating
Six Flags Discovery Kingdom2002IntaminOperating
Happy Valley, Shenzhen2002VekomaOperating
Sky RocketDreamworld2002VekomaOperating
Jubilee OdysseyFantasy Island2002VekomaOperating
2002PinfariOperating
Nemesis InfernoThorpe Park2003Bolliger & MabillardOperating
Swamp ThingWild Adventures2003VekomaOperating
Flying Ace Aerial ChaseCarowinds2003VekomaOperating
Steel VenomValleyfair2003IntaminOperating
2003VekomaOperating
Terra Mitica2003VekomaOperating
Lightning2004Bolliger & MabillardOperating
Silver BulletKnott's Berry Farm2004Bolliger & MabillardOperating
M&Ds2004PinfariOperating
Magic Springs and Crystal Falls2004VekomaOperating
2004Fabbri GroupOperating
BatLagoon2005VekomaOperating
Beijing Shijingshan Amusement Park2005Operating
PatriotWorlds of Fun2006Bolliger & MabillardOperating
Black MambaPhantasialand2006Bolliger & MabillardOperating
KumaliFlamingo Land Resort2006VekomaOperating
2006Fabbri GroupClosed
Happy Valley2006VekomaOperating
Infusion
Formerly 		Pleasure Beach Blackpool
Pleasureland Southport		2007
1999		VekomaOperating
Closed 2006
'
Formerly '		Siam Park City
Jerudong Park		2007
1997		VekomaOperating
Closed 2005/6
Jimmy Neutron's Atomic FlyerMovie Park Germany2007VekomaOperating
Star City2007PinfariOperating
KvastenGröna Lund2007VekomaOperating
PhaethonGyeongju World2007Bolliger & MabillardOperating
Goliath
Formerly '
Formerly 		Six Flags Fiesta Texas
Six Flags New Orleans
2008
2003
1995		Bolliger & MabillardOperating
Closed 2005
Closed 2002
ThunderhawkMichigan's Adventure
Geauga Lake		2008
1998		VekomaOperating
Closed 2007
Possessed
Formerly Steel Venom		Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom
Geauga Lake		2008
2000		IntaminOperating
Closed 2006
Aftershock
Formerly 		Silverwood Theme Park
Six Flags Great America		2008
2001		VekomaOperating
Closed 2007

Formerly 		Beto Carrero World
2008
1995		VekomaOperating
Closed 2007
Steel LassoFrontier City2008VekomaOperating
The Monster
Formerly 		Walygator Parc
Expoland		2010
1996		Bolliger & MabillardOperating
Closed 2007
Ednör - L'Attaque
Formerly 		La Ronde
Six Flags Astroworld		2010
1999		VekomaOperating
Closed 2005
Battlestar Galactica: CylonUniversal Studios Singapore2010VekomaOperating
Sky Mountain
Formerly 		Mirabilandia
Six Flags Over Georgia		2011
2001		VekomaOperating
Closed 2007
Mountain PeakJinjiang Action Park2011VekomaOperating

Formerly 		Legoland Florida
Cypress Gardens		2011
2004		VekomaOperating
Closed 2008
Goliath
Formerly 		Six Flags New England
Six Flags Magic Mountain		2012
2001		VekomaOperating
Closed 2011

Formerly '		Dorney Park
California's Great America		2012
1998		VekomaOperating
Closed 2010
'
Formerly
Formerly
Formerly


Liseberg		2012
2005
N/A
1997		VekomaOperating
Closed 2011
In storage 2003 to 2004
Closed 2002
OzIrisParc Astérix2012Bolliger & MabillardOperating
BansheeKings Island2014Bolliger & MabillardOperating
Family Inverted CoasterHappy Valley2014Bolliger & MabillardOperating
Arthur - The RideEuropa-Park2014Mack RidesOperating

Formerly '
Six Flags America		2015
1999		VekomaOperating
Closed 2007
Energylandia2015VekomaOperating

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