Japanese army and diplomatic codes


Japanese army and diplomatic codes. This article is on Japanese army and diplomatic ciphers and codes used up to and during World War II, to supplement the article on Japanese naval codes. The diplomatic codes were significant militarily, particularly those from diplomats in Germany.
Japanese army and diplomatic codes were studied at Arlington Hall, Bletchley Park, Central Bureau or CBB, the FECB at Hong Kong, Singapore, Kilindi then Colombo and the British Wireless Experimental Centre in Delhi.

Japanese Army codes and ciphers

Initially Arlington Hall had delayed study of the Army codes until 1942 because of the "high payoff" from diplomatic codes, but were not successful until 1943. Then with success on Army codes in April the increasing workload was put under Solomon Kullback in branch B-II in September. Other mainly diplomatic work was put under Frank Rowlett in B-III. Branch B-I translated Japanese.
Initially “brute-force” IBM runs on Army codes from April 1942 to the end of the year did not work. But US Army Sgt Joe Richard noticed that the system for 2468 changed every three weeks, so the messages could be arranged by IBM tabulators by group and time period. Richard was assisted at Central Bureau by Major Harry Clark and by the head Abe Sinkov, and broke 2468 on 6 April 1943; for which he was awarded the Legion of Merit. Wilfrid Noyce at the Wireless Experimental Centre had realised that the first letter of the third group of each message was not random, and that other groups were paired in "doublets".
Initially Arlington Hall could not find the non-randomness until Richard told them it changed about every four weeks. So with the tip Arlington Hall broke the code, as did the Wireless Experimental Centre. It used a 10 x 10 conversion square with the plain text digits 0-9 across the top key digits down the side and the table contained the cipher text digits. As well as "kana" the Chinese Telegraph Code was used to explain places or words, and the code groups 1951 or 5734 indicated that the CTC follows; an "absurd security flaw" as it was like "Stop" as a key. The CTC code group was often preceded by the "kana" groups for the same character.

Main Army codes

Many of the Army codes were known to the Allies by their four-figure discriminant numbers. The SIS at Arlington Hall gave them three-letter codes e.g. JEM. A conference at Arlington Hall in early 1944 decided on the allocation of high-level army codes.
The Army Water Transport Code senpaku angoshu 2 was used by the Water Transport organization when moving troops around the Pacific. Ships signalled their noontime position, course, speed and other movement items. As the Japanese relied extensively on sea transport for isolated garrisons, the information assisted in planning air raids and action against Japanese air raids, and submarine attacks. Breaking it in 1943 gave the Allies insight into other Army codes.

BULBUL

A three-figure reciphered air-to-ground code used by the IJA, kuuchi renraku kanji-hyoo 2-goo was known to the British as BULBUL. First broken by the Bletchley Park air section, it provided vital tactical information so was worked on in India at the Wireless Experimental Centre in Delhi. Traffic from the army operational flying units based around Meiktila in Burma was particularly valuable, aided by a book and some additive sheets from a Japanese aircraft shot down over India. By November 1944 many messages predicting air raids were intercepted, decoded and sent out as intelligence in ninety minutes. On one occasion Allied nightfighters got the lot and all night we could hear Mingaladon air base calling for its lost children.

Find of Japanese Army records

In January 1944, Mainline Japanese Army codes were broken with help from a buried trunk found during the Battle of Sio in New Guinea by Australian troops of the 9th Division. The records had been left by retreating Japanese Army troops of the 20th Division, so they were buried in a metal strongbox near a stream. They included the army codebook Rikugun Angosho Number Four ; two additive books and codes for these traffic identifiers : 2345, 5555, 6666, 7777 and 7870; and an instruction book on how to use the other books. The Central Bureau spent a day drying the damp pages, and the flood of decoded messages that ensued meant that MacArthur has to ask the US Navy for assistance. Two translators, Forrest Biard and Thomas Mackie were sent from FRUMEL.

Japanese diplomatic codes and ciphers

The most important diplomatic cipher used by the Foreign Office was Purple. The Japanese military effectively controlled Japanese foreign policy, and told the Foreign Office little. But decrypted Purple traffic was valuable militarily, particularly reports from Nazi Germany by Japanese diplomats and military and naval attachés. Arlington Hall had delayed study of the Army codes until 1942 because of the "high payoff" from diplomatic codes, but were not successful with Army codes until 1943.
The fourteen-part message breaking off negotiations with the United States in December 1941 on the eve of Pearl Harbour was in Purple; and was translated by the Americans in advance of the Japanese embassy staff who were preparing it for delivery.
The Japanese ambassador to Nazi Germany, General Hiroshi Oshima was well-informed on German military affairs and intimate with Nazi leaders. Examples of his despatches to Japan in Purple include a report that Hitler said on June 3, 1941 that in every probability war with Russia cannot be avoided. In July and August 1942 Oshima toured the Russian front, and in 1944 he saw the Atlantic Wall fortifications against the expected Allied invasion along the coasts of France and Belgium. On 4 September 1944 Hitler said to him that Germany would strike in the West, probably in November. He was described by General George Marshall as "our main basis of information regarding Hitler's intentions in Europe".

Purple

The Purple cipher was used by the Japanese Foreign Office as its most secure system. The U.S. called this the "Purple" code, because they kept intercepted traffic in purple binders. Although the Japanese purchased the Enigma machine they chose to base their cipher machine on a different technology; using a stepping switch rather than several rotors.

LA Code

The LA code was a low-grade code for consular messages, and was broken by the Sydney University group of Monterey codebreakers in 1941 before they moved to FRUMEL. Athanasius Treweek said that there were several grades of diplomatic code, and they came to pieces fairly easily. The LA code was called that because every message began with the letters LA. It was child's play.