Japanese new religions


Japanese new religions are new religious movements established in Japan. In Japanese, they are called shinshūkyō or shinkō shūkyō. Japanese scholars classify all religious organizations founded since the middle of the 19th century as "new religions"; thus, the term refers to a great diversity and number of organizations. Most came into being in the mid-to-late twentieth century and are influenced by much older traditional religions including Hinduism, Buddhism and Shinto. Western influences include Christianity, the Bible and the writings of Nostradamus.

Before World War II

In the 1860s Japan began to experience great social turmoil and rapid modernization. As social conflicts emerged in this last decade of the Edo period, known as the Bakumatsu period, some new religious movements appeared. Among them were Tenrikyo, Kurozumikyo and Oomoto, sometimes called Nihon Sandai Shinkōshūkyō, which were directly influenced by Shinto and shamanism.
The social tension continued to grow during the Meiji period, affecting religious practices and institutions. Conversion from traditional faith was no longer legally forbidden, officials lifted the 250-year ban on Christianity, and missionaries of established Christian churches reentered Japan. The traditional syncreticism between Shinto and Buddhism ended and Shinto became the national religion. Losing the protection of the Japanese government which Buddhism had enjoyed for centuries, Buddhist monks faced radical difficulties in sustaining their institutions, but their activities also became less restrained by governmental policies and restrictions.
The Japanese government was very suspicious towards these religious movements and periodically made attempts to suppress them. Government suppression was especially severe during the early 20th century, particularly from the 1930s until the early 1940s, when the growth of Japanese nationalism and State Shinto were closely linked. Under the Meiji regime lèse majesté prohibited insults against the Emperor and his Imperial House, and also against some major Shinto shrines which were believed to be tied strongly to the Emperor. The government strengthened its control over religious institutions that were considered to undermine State Shinto or nationalism, arresting some members and leaders of Shinshukyo, including Onisaburo Deguchi of Oomoto and Tsunesaburō Makiguchi of Soka Kyoiku Gakkai, who typically were charged with violation of lèse majesté and the Peace Preservation Law.

After World War II

Background

After Japan lost World War II, its government and policy changed radically during occupation by Allied troops. The official status of State Shinto was abolished, and Shinto shrines became religious organizations, losing government protection and financial support. Although the Occupation Army practiced censorship of all types of organizations, specific suppression of Shinshūkyō ended.
GHQ invited many Christian missionaries from the United States to Japan, through Douglas MacArthur's famous call for 1,000 missionaries. Missionaries arrived not only from traditional churches, but also from some modern denominations, such as Jehovah's Witnesses. The Jehovah's Witnesses missionaries were so successful that they have become the second largest Christian denomination in Japan, with over 210,000 members. In Japan, Jehovah's Witnesses tend to be considered a Christianity-based Shinshūkyō, not only because they were founded in the 19th century, but also because of their missionary practices, which involve door-to-door visiting and frequent meetings.
Despite the influx of Christian missionaries, the majority of Shinshūkyō are Buddhist- or Shinto-related sects. Major sects include Risshō Kōsei Kai and Shinnyo-en. Major goals of Shinshūkyō include spiritual healing, individual prosperity, and social harmony. Many also hold a belief in Apocalypticism, that is in the imminent end of the world or at least its radical transformation. Most of those who joined Shinshūkyō in this period were women from lower-middle-class backgrounds.
Soka Gakkai has a particular influence to politics since 1964, thanks to their affiliated party Komeito, later New Komeito. In 1999, it was estimated that 10 to 20 per cent of the Japanese population were members of a Shinshūkyō.

Influence

After World War II, the structure of the state was changed radically. Prior to WWII, the National Diet was restricted and the real power lay with the executive branch, in which the prime minister was appointed by the emperor. Under the new Constitution of Japan, the Diet had the supreme authority for decision making in state affairs and all its members were elected by the people. Especially in the House of Councillors, one third of whose members were elected through nationwide vote, nationwide organizations found they could influence national policy by supporting certain candidates. Major Shinshūkyō became one of the so-called "vote-gathering machines" in Japan, especially for the conservative parties which merged into the Liberal Democratic Party in 1955.

Other nations

In the 1950s, Japanese wives of American servicemen introduced the Soka Gakkai to the United States, which in the 1970s developed into the Soka Gakkai International. The SGI has steadily gained members while avoiding much of the controversy encountered by some other new religious movements in the US. Well-known American SGI converts include musician Herbie Hancock and singer Tina Turner.
In Brazil Shinshūkyō, like Honmon Butsuryū-shū, were first introduced in the 1920s among the Japanese immigrant population. In the 1950s and 1960s some started to become popular among the non-Japanese population as well. Seicho-no-Ie now has the largest membership in the country. In the 1960s it adopted Portuguese, rather than Japanese, as its language of instruction and communication. It also began to advertise itself as philosophy rather than religion in order to avoid conflict with the Roman Catholic Church and other socially conservative elements in society. By 1988 it had more than 2.4 million members in Brazil, 85% of them not of Japanese ethnicity.

Statistics

NameFounderFounded1954197419902012
Nyorai-kyō Isson-nyorai Kino 180275,48033,67427,1317,477
Kurozumi-kyō Munetada Kurozumi 1814715,650407,558295,225297,767
Tenri-kyō Nakayama Miki 18381,912,2082,298,4201,839,0091,199,652
Honmon Butsuryū-shū Nagamatsu Nissen 1857339,800515,911526,337345,288
Konko-kyō Konkō Daijin 1859646,206500,868442,584430,021
Maruyama-kyō Rokurōbei Itō 187092,0113,20010,72511,057
Oomoto Nao Deguchi
Onisaburō Deguchi 		189973,604153,397172,460169,525
Nakayama-Shingoshō-shū Matsutarō Kihara 1912282,650467,910382,040295,275
Honmichi Ōnishi Aijirō 1913225,386288,700316,825318,974
En'ō-kyō Chiyoko Fukada Kakutarō Kubo 19242,284,1722,477,9073,202,1721,412,975
Nenpō-shinkyō Ogura Reigen 1925153,846751,214807,486408,755
Perfect Liberty Kyōdan Miki Tokuharu
Miki Tokuchika
1946		500,9502,520,4301,259,064942,967
Seichō-no-Ie Masaharu Taniguchi 19301,461,6042,375,705838,496618,629
Sōka Gakkai Tsunesaburō Makiguchi
Jōsei Toda 		1930341,14616,111,37517,736,75720,000,000
Sekai Kyūsei-kyō Mokichi Okada 1935373,173661,263835,756835,756
Shinnyo-en Shinjō Itō 1936155,500296,514679,414902,254
Kōdō Kyōdan Shōdō Okano 1936172,671417,638400,720184,859
Risshō Kōsei-kai Myōkō Naganuma
Nikkyō Niwano 		19381,041,1244,562,3046,348,1203,232,411
Tenshō Kōtai Jingū-kyō 194589,374386,062439,011479,707
Zenrin-kyō Tatsusai Rikihisa 1947404,157483,239513,321132,286
Ōyama Nezunomikoto Shinji Kyōkai Sadao Inaii 194859,493826,022
Bussho Gonenkai Kyōdan Kaichi Sekiguchi
Sekiguchi Tomino 		1950352,1701,210,2272,196,8131,277,424
Myōchikai Kyōdan Mitsu Miyamoto 1950515,122673,913962,611709,849
Byakkō Shinkō-kai Masahisa Goi 1951500,000
Agon-shū Seiyū Kiriyama 1954500206,606353,890
Reiha-no-Hikari Kyōkai Hase Yoshio 1954761,175
Jōdoshinshū Shinran-kai Kentetsu Takamori 1958100,000
Sekai Mahikari Bunmei Kyōdan Kōtama Okada 195997,838
Honbushin Ōnishi Tama 1961900,000
God Light Association Sōgō Honbu Shinji Takahashi 196912,981
Shinji Shūmei-kai Mihoko Koyama 19701988: 440,000
Nihon Seidō Kyōdan Shōkō Iwasaki 197469,450
Extra-Sensory-Perception Kagaku Kenkyūjo Katao Ishii 197516,000
Sūkyō Mahikari Yoshikazu Okada1978501,328
Ho No Hana Hōgen Fukunaga 198070,000
Yamato-no-Miya Tenkei Ajiki 19815,000
World Mate Seizan Fukami 198430,00072,000
Happy Science Ryūhō Ōkawa 19861989: 13,300
1991: 1,527,278		1,100,000
Aum Shinrikyo Shōkō Asahara 1987 2005: 1,6502018: 1,950

Data for 2012 is from the Agency for Cultural Affairs.