Japanese patent law


Japanese patent law is based on the first-to-file principle and is mainly given force by the Patent Act of Japan. Article 2 defines an invention as "the highly advanced creation of technical ideas utilizing the law of nature".

English translation

The definitive version of Japanese law is the text in the Japanese language. An official English-language translation of the law does not exist, but the Ministry of Justice Japan has the website "Japanese Law Translation", where one can search for Japanese laws and their unofficial English translation. Intellectual property laws such as Patent Act, Copyright Act, Trademark Act, Design Act and Unfair Competition Prevention Act are included there.
In addition, the Industrial Property Digital Library offers public access to IP Gazettes of the Japan Patent Office free of charge through the Internet.
Reliable information on Japanese IP law in English is also provided by the websites of Intellectual Property High Court, Japan Patent Office, "Transparency of Japanese Law Project", European Patent Office, and Institute of Intellectual Property of Japan. For more details, see "External links" at the bottom of this page.

Definition of invention

Article 2, paragraph 1, of the Patent Act of Japan defines invention as "the highly advanced creation of technical ideas by which a law of nature is utilized". This definition was introduced in 1959 following German jurist Josef Kohler's definition. Although the substance of the definition is almost accepted, there is opposition against giving a definition of "invention" in a written law.
In the generally accepted interpretation, the phrase highly advanced does not imply a requirement for an inventive step since the matter of inventive step is dealt with in Article 29, paragraph 2. The definition may have been included in light of the Utility Model Act of Japan which gives a definition of a device as "the creation of technical ideas by which a law of nature is utilized".

Patent prosecution

The procedures for obtaining a patent right in Japan is described in detail on the website of Japan Patent Office.
The patent prosecution procedure under Japanese law is similar to that in most other patent systems. Article 39 states that a person who is the first to file an application for a patent for an invention may obtain that patent, rather than a different person who is the first to invent the same invention.
A patent may be granted for an invention if:
Article 30 provides a six-month grace period for disclosures made through an experiment, publication, presentation at a study meeting or an exhibition or for if the invention becomes known to public against the applicant's will. Such disclosures do not form part of the prior art. This is a much broader exemption than the one available under European patent law but is significantly narrower than that provided under United States patent law.

Application

A person desiring to obtain a patent has to submit a request, specification, claims, any drawings necessary, and the abstract to the commissioner of the Japan Patent Office. Article 36bis allows an application in foreign languages if the applicant submits a Japanese translation within two months from the filing date. However, the applicant may not amend the foreign language file. In 2007 there was a revision of Japan Patent Law. Pursuant to a 2007 revision of the law, the period for filing a Japanese translation for a Foreign Language Application is 14 months from the filing date or the priority date.

Publication of application

Patent applications are published without a search report after 18 months has expired from the filing date. The applicant may request for early publication.

Examination

Request for examination and payment of examination fee are needed for an application to be examined. The applicant, or a third party, may request examination within three years from the filing date, if they stand examination fee.
A qualified examiner examines the application. The examiner notifies the applicant of the reasons for refusal before making the decision to refuse a patent, pointing out that some of the above conditions for patent are not met. The applicant may submit a statement or amendments against the reasons for refusal, within a time limit designated by the examiner. The time limit is normally 60 days after the date of notification for applicants living in Japan, or three months after the date of notification for applicants living in foreign countries.
If the examiner finds that some reasons for refusal notified to the applicant have not dissolved by the applicant's statement or amendment, the examiner issues a decision to refuse a patent ; otherwise the examiner issues the decision to grant a patent.
Opposition procedure after an examiner's decision to grant a patent was abandoned in 2003; trial for invalidation serves as the alternative.
Whenever the applicant is allowed to amend the claims, specification, and drawings of a certain application, the applicant may derive a new application from the application. This is called "division of application". Division of application is not allowed after the applicant received a copy of the examiner's decision to grant a patent.
The Japan Patent Office's interpretation of the patent law related to examination procedure is provided for in the "Examination Guidelines for Patent and Utility Model in Japan" in English."

Trial against examiner's decision of refusal

Applicants dissatisfied at the decision of refusal may demand a trial within 3 months from receiving a copy of the decision. Amendments are allowed when they demand for the trial.
If amendments are made, an examiner re-examines the application. Usually the examiner who made the decision of refusal is appointed for re-examination. The examiner then issues a decision to grant a patent, or reports to the Commissioner if there are reasons for refusal that have not dissolved by the amendments.
In case amendments were not made, or the examiner reported that reasons for refusal still remain, a group of three or five qualified trial examiners conduct the trial by communicating with the applicant in letters.
A person dissatisfied at the trial may demand a retrial, or may sue the commissioner of the Japan Patent Office in quest of the patent.

Trial for invalidation

Anyone may demand the commissioner of the patent office a trial for invalidation of a patent against the patentee. A group of three or five trial examiners conduct the trial, gathering the parties to the patent office. The patentee may demand restriction of claims, or correction of errors or ambiguity to avoid the invalidation.
A lawsuit against patent infringement may be suspended until a trial decision of the patent office has become final and conclusive.

Patentability

Summary of the rules on patentability is as follows. More detailed description is found in "Examination Guidelines for Patent and Utility Model in Japan" with summaries of significant court decisions.

Patentable subject matter

Novelty

Sharing the same rule as other jurisdictions, Japanese patent law does not grant exclusionary rights to existing technologies. Article 29 of Patent Act stipulates this point; an inventor may not obtain a patent for inventions that were known to the public , inventions that were publicly worked or inventions that were described in a distributed publication or made publicly available through an electric telecommunication line, in Japan or a foreign country prior to the filing of the patent application.

Inventive step

Where at the time of the application a person ordinarily skilled in the field of art to which the invention belongs would have been able to easily make the invention based on a technology falling under any of the items under Article 29 of the Patent Act, the invention cannot be patented. For this decision to be made, in the abstract, an accurate assessment is firstly to be made of the standard of art in the field of art to which the invention belongs as at the time of the application, and the points where the application invention varies from the prior art are to be made clear. Then, while making allowance for the purpose and effect of the invention, a decision is to be made depending on whether or not it is possible to logically support a person skilled in the art having been easily able to achieve the application invention by altering the prior art.

Industrial applicability

In order to be granted a patent, it must first be industrially applicable: proviso to Patent Act Article 29. In particular, with respect to inventions such as those concerning genes, chemical substances or organisms, a concrete applicable use must be specified.
“Industry” is a broad concept that includes manufacturing industries, agricultural, fishing and forestry industries, mining industries, commercial industries, and service industries. Medical industries are excluded from “industries”, however, and grants of patents for inventions of acts of medical treatment are not recognized, on the ground that they are not industrially applicable. This exclusion stems from the ethical consideration that diagnoses and treatments available to medical practitioners in their treatment of patients must not be limited in any way by the presence of any kind of patent rights, and it is a legal construction adopted due to the lack of any statutory provision expressly denying the validity of patent rights vis-à-vis acts of medical treatment. However, patent rights can be obtained over aspects of medical treatment including pharmaceuticals and medical devices, and the methods of their manufacture.

Effects of patent rights

After payment of the annual fees for the first three years, a patent right comes into force by registration. The commissioner issues the certificate of patent to the patentee. The term of patent is 20 years from the filing date. It may be extended for medicines and pesticides.
A patentee have an exclusive right to commercially work the patented invention, where "work" an invention means
The statements of patent claims determine the technical scope of the patented invention. However, the doctrine of equivalents may be employed.
A patentee may grant an exclusive license or a non-exclusive license.

Infringement and remedies

Civil remedies

Right to demand an injunction

The patentee may exercise a right to demand an injunction against the person who infringes or is likely to infringe its rights: Article 100 of the Patent Act. A “person who infringes or is likely to infringe the patent rights” in that paragraph means a person who works a patented invention without the patentee's permission, or a person who commits an act of indirect infringement.
In making a demand for an injunction under Paragraph of Article 100, the patentee may also demand measures necessary for the prevention of an act of infringement, including the disposal of products constituting the act of infringement and the removal of facilities used for the act of infringement: Article 100.

Damages

Since a patent right is also a kind of property right, an act of infringement of a patent right constitutes a tort, and a patentee who sustains damages as a result of an act of infringement may demand damages from the infringer in tort. Unlike an ordinary tortious act however, in the case of the infringement of a patent right, it is often difficult to prove the amount of the loss, as well as intent or negligence on the part of the infringer. For that reason, the Patent Act contains a special provision for calculating the amount of loss, a provision on the presumption of negligence, and a provision permitting the determination of a reasonable amount of loss.

Case law in infringement litigation

Doctrine of equivalents

In 1998, the Supreme Court of Japan showed in judgment the requirements for applying the doctrine of equivalents. The judgment says:
even if, within the construction as indicated in the claim in the patent specification, there is a part which is different from the products, if this part is not the essential part of the patented invention, the purpose of the patented invention can be achieved by replacing this part with a part in the products and an identical function and effect can be obtained, a person who has an average knowledge in the area of technology where this invention belongs could easily come up with the idea of such replacement at the time of the production of the products, the products are not identical to the technology in the public domain at the time of the patent application of the patented invention or could have been easily conceived at that time by a person who has an average knowledge in the area of technology where this invention belongs, and there were no special circumstances such as the fact that the products had been intentionally excluded from the scope of the patent claim in the patent application process, the products should be regarded as identical with the construction as indicated in the scope of the patent claim and fall within the scope of the technical scope of the patented invention.

Exercise of patent that would be invalid

In 2000, the Supreme Court of Japan said in judgment:
a court considering a claim of patent infringement should be capable of judging whether or not there exists sufficient reasons to invalidate the patent, even prior to the Japan Patent Office's issuance of a final decision invalidating the patent. If during the hearings the court finds that there exists sufficient cause to invalidate the patent, a claim of injunction, damages, or other claims based on such patent would be an extension of rights beyond the scope contemplated under the law unless it can be demonstrated that circumstances exist which justify special treatment.

and clarified that a court may judge the invalidity of patent in a patent infringement lawsuit.
Summary of the judgment:
In the event there is clear and convincing evidence that a patent is invalid, a claim for injunction, damages, or other claims based on such patent is beyond the scope of rights intended by the act, except in extenuating circumstances.

Criminal penalty

Japanese patent law provides that patent infringement is a crime. A person who has infringed a patent right must be engaged in penal servitude for at most ten years, and/or must pay a fine of at most ten million yen. In addition to the above penalty for an infringer, a firm that the infringer belongs to must pay a fine of at most 300 million yen.
According to statistics of the National Police Agency of Japan, however, only four people were arrested for the infringement of patent in 2003.

History

The history of Japanese patent law began with the opening of the country that began in the Meiji era. Fukuzawa Yukichi introduced the concept of the patent to Japan in his 1867 writings. The next year, the Meiji Restoration occurred, and the modernization of Japan began.
In 1871—the fourth year of the Meiji era, an experimental patent system was implemented. It was abandoned the following year.
The first substantial patent law in Japan was established by the "Patent Monopoly Act" on April 18, 1885.
The first seven patents under the Patent Monopoly Act were granted on August 14, 1885. Hotta Zuisho obtained Japanese Patent No. 1 for an anticorrosive paint. Takabayashi Kenzo obtained Patent No. 2-4 for tea processing machines.
During the Meiji era, all governmental systems underwent frequent changes, and the patent law was no exception. The Patent Monopoly Act was replaced by the Patent Act in 1888; the Patent Act was replaced by the Patent Law of 1899, which was completely revised in 1909. After the Meiji era, the Patent Act was completely revised twice, in 1921 and 1959.
The 1959 Japanese patent law was amended several times, especially pertaining to opposition proceedings, the term of patent, and compliance with the Patent Cooperation Treaty in relation to criteria of novelty.