Jiangnan sizhu


Jiangnan sizhu is a style of traditional Chinese instrumental music from the Jiangnan region of China.

Name

The name Jiangnan sizhu is made up of two parts. Jiangnan is the traditional name for the area south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze river in southern Jiangsu, Shanghai, and northern Zhejiang. Sizhu, literally "silk and bamboo," refers to string and wind musical instruments, silk being the traditional material from which strings have historically been made in China, and bamboo being the material from which the Chinese flutes such as the dizi and xiao are made. The term sizhu by extension also came to refer to instrumental music in general, especially that played indoors. Other sizhu traditions also exist, particularly along China's southeastern coastal regions of Fujian and Guangdong.

History

The term sizhu is a 20th-century term that refers to the folk ensembles that first appeared in the Ming and Qing dynasties and have continued to the present day. Many regional variants exist, but the most influential has been the Jiangnan sizhu, which in the 19th century became established south of the Yangtze River, especially in the cities of southeast Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang provinces. By the early part of the 20th century, Shanghai had become the centre of sizhu activities; the city’s elite organized numerous amateur clubs that played for social functions and for their own entertainment. The Shanghai sizhu became the basis of the modern Chinese orchestra in the mid-20th century.

Instruments

Instruments typically used in Jiangnan sizhu include plucked, bowed, strummed and struck string instruments; flutes and sometimes also mouth organs; and small percussion instruments. The most commonly used instruments are:
Several other instruments sometimes are also used:
As in an Irish traditional music session, the instrumentation is not fixed, and so may vary according to the musicians who are available for a particular performance. Usually only one of each instrument is used, and an ensemble can range from as few as two to as many as ten or more musicians, with the erhu, dizi or xiao, pipa, and yangqin being the core instruments. Players may sometimes switch instruments between pieces.

Repertoire

Eight Great Pieces

At the centre of the repertory are the Eight Great Pieces or Eight Great Famous Pieces :
  1. Hua San Liu 花三六
  2. Huan Le Ge 欢乐歌
  3. Man Liu Ban 慢六板
  4. San Liu 三六
  5. Si He Ru Yi 四合如意
  6. Xing Jie 行街
  7. Yun Qing 云庆
  8. Zhong Hua Liu Ban 中花六板
The repertoire is based on old melodies such as "Lao Liu Ban", also called "Lao Ba Ban", which are elaborated to create new pieces such as "Zhong Hua Liu Ban", the latter of which is the most important piece of all the pieces derived from "Lao Liu Ban" .

Other pieces

These are other pieces that are played by Jiangnan sizhu music clubs. It includes pieces that were originally instrumental solos, music from narrative genres, and sizhu pieces from Jiangnan and other areas.
New Jiangnan sizhu compositions include:
Jiangnan sizhu is generally considered to be a folk tradition rather than a professional one, and is most often performed by amateurs. It is typically performed in informal gatherings, often at tea houses. By the mid-20th century, it had also entered the curriculum of China's conservatories, where it continues to be performed by large ensembles of traditional instruments in fully scored arrangements.

Notable ''Jiangnan sizhu'' musicians

In the second half of the 20th century, a quartet from China playing Jiangnan sizhu repertoire as well as newly composed pieces comprised four men: dizi player Lu Chunling, pipa player Ma Shenglong, yangqin player Zhou Hui, and erhu player Zhou Hao. They brought the style to new audiences and performed together for many years.

Related genres

, which was developed in the mid-20th century, has a musical style and accompaniment that is closely related to Jiangnan sizhu.

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