Judges' Trial
The Judges' Trial was the third of the 12 trials for war crimes the U.S. authorities held in their occupation zone in Germany in Nuremberg after the end of World War II. These twelve trials were all held before U.S. military courts, not before the International Military Tribunal, but took place in the same rooms at the Palace of Justice. The twelve U.S. trials are collectively known as the "Subsequent Nuremberg Trials" or, more formally, as the "Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals".
The defendants in this case were 16 German jurists and lawyers. Nine had been officials of the Reich Ministry of Justice, the others were prosecutors and judges of the Special Courts and People's Courts of Nazi Germany. They were—amongst other charges—held responsible for implementing and furthering the Nazi "racial purity" program through the eugenic and racial laws.
The judges in this case, held in Military Tribunal III, were Carrington T. Marshall, former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio; James T. Brand, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Oregon; Mallory B. Blair, formerly judge of the Third Court of Appeals of Texas; and Justin Woodward Harding of the Bar of the State of Ohio as an alternate judge. Marshall had to retire due to illness on June 19, 1947, at which point Brand became president and Harding a full member of the tribunal. The Chief of Counsel for the Prosecution was Telford Taylor; his deputy was Charles M. LaFollette. The indictment was presented on January 4, 1947; the trial lasted from March 5 to December 4, 1947. Ten of the defendants were found guilty; four received sentences for lifetime imprisonment, and six received prison sentences of varying lengths. Four persons were acquitted of all charges.
Indictment
- Participating in a common plan or conspiracy to commit war crimes and crimes against humanity;
- War crimes through the abuse of the judicial and penal process, resulting in mass murder, torture, plunder of private property.
- Crimes against humanity on the same grounds, including slave labor charges.
- Membership in a criminal organization, the NSDAP or SS leadership corps.
Count 1 was dropped: the court declared the charge to be outside its jurisdiction. Judge Blair filed a dissenting opinion that stated that the court should have made a statement that the Military Tribunals of the NMT in fact did have jurisdiction over charges of "conspiracy to commit war crimes and crimes against humanity".
All defendants pleaded "not guilty".
Defendants
| Name | Position | Sentence |
| Josef Altstötter | Chief of the civil law and procedure division of the Ministry of Justice | Acquitted on counts 2 and 3, 5 years, including time already served; released 1950; died 1979 in Nuremberg |
| Senior public prosecutor of the People's Court | Acquitted; died 1966 in Munich | |
| Chief justice of the Special Court | Acquitted; died 1991 in Kressbronn am Bodensee | |
| Chief of the penal administrative division in the Ministry of Justice | Mistrial declared due to illness; died 8 September 1951 | |
| Legal advisor and chief prosecutor of the Ministry of Justice | 10 years, incl. time already served, released January 31, 1951 by John J. McCloy; died May 12, 1978 | |
| State Secretary in the Ministry of Justice | Lifetime imprisonment; commuted to 20 years, released 1956; time of death unknown | |
| Chief Public Prosecutor of the People's Court | 10 years, incl. time already served-released January 1951; died 1979 in Lübeck | |
| Representative of the criminal legislation and administration division of the Ministry of Justice | 10 years, incl. time already served; died 1950 in Landsberg Prison | |
| Chief justice of the Fourth Senate, People's Court | Acquitted; died 1970 in Seesen | |
| Chief judge of the Special Court at Nuremberg | Lifetime imprisonment; commuted to 20 years, released 1956; died September 12, 1980 in Neuss | |
| Chief justice of the First Senate, People's Court | Acquitted; died in 1963 | |
| Oswald Rothaug | Senior public prosecutor of the People's Court; Chief Justice of the Special Court | Lifetime imprisonment; commuted to 20 years and released 22 December 1956; died 1967 in Cologne |
| Curt Rothenberger | President of the Court of Appeals in Hamburg from 1935-1942, later became State Secretary in the Ministry of Justice | 7 years, incl. time already served; released 1950; died 1959 in Hamburg |
| Franz Schlegelberger | State Secretary, later Acting Minister of Justice | Lifetime imprisonment; released 1950 for "Health reasons"; died 1970 in Flensburg |
| Counsellor of criminal legislation and administration division in the Ministry of Justice | 10 years, incl. time already served; released January 31, 1951 by John J. McCloy; died 1992 | |
| Counsellor, criminal legislation and administration in the Ministry of Justice | Committed suicide 1946 after the indictment, but before the beginning of the trial. |
The highest-ranking officials of the Nazi judicial system could not be tried: Franz Gürtner, Minister of Justice, died in 1941; Otto Georg Thierack, Minister of Justice since 1942, had committed suicide in 1946, and Roland Freisler, the President of the People's Court since 1942, was killed in a 1945 bombing raid on Berlin; Günther Vollmer, the Gauführer of Nazi jurists, had been killed in 1945. One who was alive but not tried was Hans Globke.
All convicts were found guilty on all charges brought before them, except Rothaug, who was found guilty only on count 3 of the indictment, while he was found not guilty on counts 2 and 4. However, the court commented in its judgment that:
"By his manner and methods he made his court an instrumentality of terror and won the fear and hatred of the population. From the evidence of his closest associates as well as his victims, we find that Oswald Rothaug represented in Germany the personification of the secret Nazi intrigue and cruelty. He was and is a sadistic and evil man. Under any civilized judicial system he could have been impeached and removed from office or convicted of malfeasance in office on account of the scheming malevolence with which he administered injustice."
The public considered the sentences generally too low. Most of the convicts were released already in the early 1950s; some even received retirement pensions in West Germany. The guide to German law entitled Das Recht der Gegenwart is still being published under the name Franz Schlegelberger.