Judith Kaye
Judith Ann Kaye was an American lawyer, jurist and the longtime Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals, serving in that position from March 23, 1993 until December 31, 2008. She was the first woman to serve as chief judge, the highest judicial office in New York State, and the longest-serving chief judge in New York history.
Early life and education
Kaye was born as Judith Ann Smith in Monticello, New York on August 4, 1938. Her parents, Benjamin and Lena Smith, were Jewish immigrants from Poland who lived on a farm in the hamlet of Maplewood, Sullivan County, New York and operated a women's apparel store.She skipped two grades, graduating from Monticello High School at age of fifteen. She then graduated from Barnard College in 1958 with B.A. in Latin American civilization. She became a reporter for the Union City, New Jersey Hudson Dispatch, where she was a society news reporter, but left to become a lawyer.
She worked as a copy editor during the day and attended night school at the New York University Law School, graduating with an LL.B. cum laude in 1962, as one of ten women in a class of almost 300. Kaye was admitted to the New York State Bar in 1963.
Legal career
She began her career in private practice in New York City at the law firm of Sullivan & Cromwell. Kaye left Sullivan & Cromwell to join the IBM legal department. While raising a family, Kaye worked as a part-time assistant to the dean of the New York University Law School, her alma mater.In 1969, Kaye was hired by the prominent law firm of Olwine, Connelly, Chase, O'Donnell & Weyher as a litigation associate. In 1975, she became that firm's first female partner.
Appointment to the bench
, a Democrat, made a campaign promise in his successful 1982 campaign for governor of New York to appoint a woman to the New York Court of Appeals—the state's highest court. When the first vacancy arose, however, no woman appeared on the list submitted by the state Commission on Judicial Selection.After another vacancy occurred, however, the commission listed two women on its list of seven candidates: Kaye and Betty Weinberg Ellerin. Cuomo interviewed Kaye twice and appointed her to the bench for a 14-year term, making her the first woman to serve on the court.
Tenure on the New York Court of Appeals
Kaye was appointed associate judge by Cuomo in 1983. In 1993, Chief Judge Sol Wachtler suddenly resigned, and Cuomo nominated Kaye to fill the vacancy. As with her initial appointment, her confirmation by the State Senate was unanimous.The chief judge of New York has both an administrative role and a judicial role. In 2008, as Kaye approached mandatory retirement age, The New York Times editorial board praised her, writing: "In her 15 years as chief, Judith Kaye has excelled at both, earning national praise for her jurisprudence and as a court reformer."
As court administrator
As chief judge, Kaye pushed forward with judicial reform and modernization efforts. New York State became a national leader in establishing problem-solving courts, which offered treatment and other alternatives to incarceration in cases involving addiction, mental illness, or domestic violence and abuse. Kaye also took steps to make jury service more efficient and convenient. Kaye also successfully pushed to eliminate all exemptions from jury service.Kaye helped establish the Center for Court Innovation, a non-profit think tank that although independent of the court system, serves as the judiciary's research and development arm.
Jurisprudence and notable opinions
Kaye emphasized civil liberties and interpreted the Constitution of New York as providing broader protections in some areas than those provided for by the federal Constitution. Kaye was viewed as a liberal, but was perceived as moving toward the pragmatic center after becoming chief judge, in an effort to build consensus among the justices.According to judge Jonathan Lippmann who was her chief administrative judge and successor as chief judge "Judith Kaye essentially started a revolution, that has redefined the traditional role of the judiciary in addressing the difficult social problems reflected in our record-breaking court dockets: drug abuse, family violence and dysfunction, mental illness and so many more"
- Kaye voted four times against capital punishment in New York. In People v. Smith, the court ruled in an opinion written by Kaye that the death penalty as applied in New York violated the Eighth Amendment. In In re Robert T. Johnson, however, Kaye wrote for the court in holding that Governor George Pataki had the right to replace Bronx County District Attorney Robert T. Johnson over a case involving the murder of a police officer, since it appeared that Johnson would never seek to impose the death penalty.
- In an important libel case, Immuno AG v. J. Moor-Jankowski, Kaye ruled for the defendant, the editor of a scientific journal who had been sued by a company for publishing a critical letter to the editor. Kaye emphasized that in libel cases, summary judgment can be important in encouraging the exercise of First Amendment rights.
- Kaye dissented from the court's 4-2 opinion in Hernandez v. Robles, in which the majority held that the state constitution did not compel recognition of marriage between same-sex partners. In a sharply written dissenting opinion, Kaye wrote that the ruling was "an unfortunate misstep" and compared a prohibition of same-sex marriage to a prohibition of interracial marriage. Kaye wrote: "The long duration of a constitutional wrong cannot justify its perpetuation, no matter how strongly tradition or public sentiment might support it."
Retirement and career after leaving the bench
Kaye gave her farewell speech on November 12, 2008 and formally retired on the last day of that year. She was the longest-serving chief judge in New York history. Judge Carmen Beauchamp Ciparick briefly became acting chief judge after Kaye's retirement; Jonathan Lippman was nominated and confirmed to the post and was formally sworn in on February 2009.
In February 2009, Kaye joined Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom in New York City as of counsel.
On March 11, 2010, then-New York Attorney General Andrew Cuomo appointed Kaye as an independent counsel to investigate Governor David Paterson's alleged violation of ethics laws, due to Cuomo's conflict of interest. In that role, she was granted the authority to investigate various charges against the governor, and to bring criminal charges. Her final determination pertaining to her investigation of Paterson was to not refer charges to the prosecutor's office against the sitting governor.
Governor Paterson appointed Kaye to the twelve-member Commission on Judicial Nomination for a four-year term from March 31, 2009 to March 31, 2013. Kaye was elected as the commission's chair on May 21, 2009.
Death
Kaye died on January 7, 2016, at her home in Manhattan, from lung cancer. She had been diagnosed with the disease about five years before her death. She was 77 years old.Personal life
Kaye was married to Stephen Rackow Kaye, a commercial litigator who had been her colleague at Sullivan & Cromwell and later a partner at the law firm of Proskauer Rose. They had three children: Luisa, Jonathan and Gordon.Memberships, awards and honors
Kaye received many honorary Doctor of Laws degrees from various universities.At various times, Kaye served as a trustee and vice president of the Legal Aid Society; co-chair of the Permanent Judicial Commission on Justice for Children; trustee and vice-chair of the Clients Security Fund ; member of the board of directors of the Institute of Judicial Administration; member of the board of editors of New York State Bar Journal; member of the board of directors of the Conference of Chief Justices; member of the American Bar Association Commission on Domestic Violence; and founding member and honorary chair of the Judges and Lawyers Breast Cancer Alert. Kaye served as a member of the boards of trustees of the American Judicature Society, New York University Law Center Foundation, and William Nelson Cromwell Foundation. She was also a trustee of Barnard College, serving from 1995 to 2002 and again from 2008 to 2009. President Jimmy Carter appointed Kaye to the U.S. Nominating Commission for Judges of the Second Circuit.
Kaye received a number of awards, including the Distinguished Jurist Award and Gold Medal of the New York State Bar Association and the ABA Justice Center's John Marshall Award. Kaye received the Barnard Medal of Distinction from Barnard College, the college's highest honor, in 1987.
Kaye was a longtime member of Congregation Shearith Israel, a Sephardic synagogue in New York. Benjamin Cardozo, one of Kaye's predecessors as chief judge of the Court of Appeals of New York, was a congregant at the same synagogue.