Kajkavian
Kajkavian is a South Slavic regiolect or language spoken primarily by Croats in much of Central Croatia, Gorski Kotar and northern Istria.
There are differing opinions over whether Kajkavian is best considered a dialect of Croatian or a fully-fledged language of its own, as it is only partially mutually intelligible with other dialects and bears more similarities to Slovene than to the prestige Shtokavian dialect in terms of phonology and vocabulary. Notable Croatian linguists consider Kajkavian to be a language in its own right, with its own established dialects and documented literature. Croatian linguist Stjepan Ivšić has used Kajkavian vocabulary and accentuation, which significantly differs from that of Shtokavian, as evidence. Furthermore, there is no clear demarcation between Slovene dialects and Kajkavian: this continuum is particularly strong along the border with Slovenian Styria, and on the upper stream of the Kolpa river, where dialects spoken on both sides of the border are sometimes indistinguishable. Thus, Kajkavian has low mutual intelligibility with Shtokavian, on which Croatia's standard language is based. Linguist Josip Silić, one of the main initiators behind the standardisation of the Croatian language, also regards Kajkavian as a distinct language by dint of its having significantly different morphology, syntax and phonology from the official Shtokavian-based standard. As of 2015, historic Literary Kajkavian has a separate language ISO 639-3 code – kjv. Active attempts are being made by some organizations to widen its recognition and status, which has thus far included introduction of elective school subjects in Kajkavian in some parts of Croatia.
The term Kajkavian stems from the interrogative pronoun kaj. The other main dialects of Croatian also derive their name from their reflex of the interrogative pronoun. However, the pronouns are only general pointers and do not serve as actual identifiers of the respective dialects. Certain Kajkavian dialects use the interrogative pronoun ča, the one that is usually used in Chakavian. Conversely, some Chakavian dialects use the pronoun kaj. The pronouns these dialects are named after are merely the most common one in that dialect.
Outside Croatia's northernmost regions, Kajkavian is also spoken in Austrian Burgenland and a number of enclaves in Hungary along the Austrian and Croatian border and in Romania. Although speakers of Kajkavian are primarily Croats, and Kajkavian is generally considered a dialect of Standard Croatian, its closest relative is the Slovene language, followed by Chakavian and then Shtokavian. Kajkavian is part of the South Slavic dialect continuum, adjoining the Slovene language and Chakavian dialects.
Classification
Historically, the classification of Kajkavian has been a subject of much debate regarding both the question of whether it ought to be considered a dialect or a language, as well as the question of what its relation is to neighboring vernaculars.Autonyms used throughout history by various Kajkavian writers have been manifold, ranging from Slavic to Croatian or Illyrian. The naming went through several phases, with the Slavic-based name initially being dominant. Over time, the name Croatian started gaining ground mainly during the 17th century, and by the beginning of the 18th century, it had supplanted the older name Slavic. The name also followed the same evolution in neighboring Slovene Prekmurje and some other border areas in what is now Slovenia, although there the name Slovene-Croatian existed as well. The actual term Kajkavian is today accepted by its speakers in Croatia.
The problem with classifying Kajkavian within South Slavic stems in part from its structural differences from neighboring Shtokavian speeches as well as its historical closeness to Slovene speeches. Some Slavists maintain that when the separation of Western South Slavic speeches happened, they separated into four divergent groups — Shtokavian, Chakavian, Kajkavian and Slovene. As a result of this, throughout history Kajkavian has often been categorized differently than today. It was considered by many to be either a separate node altogether or a node categorized together with Slovene. Furthermore, no isoglosses exist that would separate all Slovene speeches from all other Western South Slavic dialects. Nor do innovations exist common to Kajkavian, Chakavian, and Shtokavian that would separate them from Slovene.
Characteristics
The Kajkavian speech area borders in the northwest on the Slovene language and in the northeast on the Hungarian language. In the east and southeast it is bordered by Shtokavian dialects roughly along a line that used to serve as the border between Civil Croatia and the Habsburg Military Frontier. Finally, in the southwest it borders Chakavian along the Kupa and Dobra rivers. It is thought that historically these borders extended further to the south and east. For example, the eastern border is thought to have extended at least well into modern-day Slavonia to the area around the town of Pakrac. Some historical toponyms suggest a slightly larger extent.The Croatian capital, Zagreb, has historically been a Kajkavian-speaking area, and Kajkavian is still in use by its older and by its younger population. Modern Zagreb speech has come under considerable influence from Shtokavian. The vast intermingling of Kajkavian and standard Shtokavian in Zagreb and its surroundings has led to problems in defining the underlying structure of those speech-groups. As a result, many of the urban speeches have been labelled either Kajkavian koine or Kajkavian–Shtokavian rather than Kajkavian or Shtokavian. Additionally, the forms of speech in use exhibit significant sociolinguistic variation. Research suggests that younger Zagreb-born speakers of the Kajkavian koine tend to consciously use more Kajkavian features when speaking to older people, showing that such features are still in their linguistic inventory even if not used at all times. However, the Kajkavian koine is distinct from Kajkavian as spoken in non-urban areas, and the mixing of Shtokavian and Kajkavian outside of urban settings is much rarer and less developed. The Kajkavian koine has also been named Zagreb Shtokavian by some.
As a result of the previously mentioned mixing of dialects, various Kajkavian features and characteristics have found their way into the standard Shtokavian spoken in those areas. For example, some of the prominent features are the fixed stress-based accentual system without distinctive lengths, the merger of /č/ and /ć/ and of /dž/ and /đ/, vocabulary differences as well as a different place of stress in words. The Zagreb variety of Shtokavian is considered by some to enjoy parallel prestige with the prescribed Shtokavian variety. Because of that, speakers whose native speech is closer to the standard variety often end up adopting the Zagreb speech for various reasons.
Kajkavian is closely related to Slovene - and to Prekmurje Slovene in particular. Higher amounts of correspondences between the two exist in inflection and vocabulary. The speakers of the Prekmurje dialect are Slovenes and Hungarian Slovenes who belonged to the Archdiocese of Zagreb during the Habsburg era. They used Kajkavian as their liturgical language, and by the 18th century, Kajkavian had become the standard language of Prekmurje. Moreover, literary Kajkavian was also used in neighboring Slovene Styria during the 17th and 18th centuries, and in parts of it, education was conducted in Kajkavian.
As a result of various factors, Kajkavian has numerous differences compared to Shtokavian:
- Kajkavian has a prothetic v- generalized in front of u. A similar feature exists in colloquial Czech, as well as in many Slovene dialects, especially from the Pannonian, Styrian and Littoral dialect groups.
- Proto-Slavic *dj resulted in Kajkavian j as opposed to Shtokavian đ.
- The nasal *ǫ has evolved into a closed /o/ in Kajkavian.
- Common Slavic *v and *v- survived as v in Kajkavian, whereas in Shtokavian they resulted in u and u-, and in Chakavian they gave way to va. The same feature is maintained in most Slovene dialects.
- Kajkavian has retained /č/ in front of /r/.
- Kajkavian /ž/ in front of a vowel turns into /r/. A similar evolution happened in Slovene, Chakavian as well as Western Shtokavian, however the latter does not use it in its standard form.
- Kajkavian retains -jt and -jd clusters. This feature is shared by standard Slovene.
- Like most Slavic speeches, Kajkavian exhibits final-obstruent devoicing, however it is not consistently spelled out
- Diminutive suffixes in Kajkavian are -ek, -ec, -eko, -eco. The same diminutive suffixes are found in Slovene.
- Negative past-tense construction in Kajkavian deviates syntactically from neighboring speeches in its placing of the negative particle. Some argued that this might indicate a remnant of the Pannonian Slavic system. Similar behavior occurs in Slovak.
- Kajkavian has a different first-person plural present-tense suffix, -mȩ.
- Relative pronouns differ from neighboring dialects and languages. Kajkavian uses kateri, tȩri.
- The genitive plural in Shtokavian adds an -a to the end, whereas Kajkavian retains the old form.
- Kajkavian retains the older locative plural.
- The loss of the dual is considered to be significantly more recent than in Shtokavian.
- Kajkavian has no vocative case. This feature is shared with standard Slovene and most Slovene dialects.
- So-called s-type nouns have been retained as a separate declension class in Kajkavian contrasted from the neuter due to the formant -es- in oblique cases. The same is true for Slovene.
- Kajkavian has no aorist. The same is true for all Slovene dialects except Resian.
- The supine has been retained as distinctive from infinitive, as in Slovene. The infinitive suffixes are -ti, -či whereas their supine counterparts are -t, -č. The supine and the infinitive are often stressed differently. The supine is used with verbs of motion.
- The future tense is formed with the auxiliary biti and the -l participle as in standard Slovene and similar to Czech and Slovak.
- Modern urban Kajkavian speeches tend to have stress as the only significant prosodic feature as opposed to the Shtokavian four-tone system.
- Kajkavian exhibits various syntactic influences from German.
- The Slavic prefix u- has a vi- reflex in some dialects, similar to Czech vý-. This feature sets Kajkavian apart from Slovene, which shares the prefix -iz with Shtokavian.
Some Kajkavian words bear a closer resemblance to other Slavic languages such as Russian than they do to Shtokavian or Chakavian. For instance gda seems to be at first glance unrelated to kada, however when compared to Russian когда, Slovene kdaj, or Prekmurje Slovene gda, kda, the relationship becomes apparent. Kajkavian kak and tak are exactly like their Russian cognates and Prekmurje Slovene compared to Shtokavian, Chakavian, and standard Slovene kako and tako.
History of research
Linguistic investigation began during the 19th century, although the research itself often ended in non-linguistic or outdated conclusions. Since that was the age of national revivals across Europe as well as the South Slavic lands, the research was steered by national narratives. Within that framework, Slovene philologists such as Franz Miklosich and Jernej Kopitar attempted to reinforce the idea of Slovene and Kajkavian unity and asserted that Kajkavian speakers are Slovenes. On the other hand, Josef Dobrovský also claimed linguistic and national unity between the two groups but under the Croatian ethnonym.The first modern dialectal investigations of Kajkavian started at the end of the 19th century. The Ukrainian philologist A. M. Lukjanenko wrote the first comprehensive monograph on Kajkavian in Russian in 1905. Kajkavian dialects have been classified along various criteria: for instance Serbian philologist Aleksandar Belić divided the Kajkavian dialect according to the reflexes of Proto-Slavic phonemes /tj/ and /dj/ into three subdialects: eastern, northwestern and southwestern.
However, later investigations did not corroborate Belić's division. Contemporary Kajkavian dialectology begins with Croatian philologist Stjepan Ivšić's work "Jezik Hrvata kajkavaca", which highlighted accentual characteristics. Due to the great diversity within Kajkavian primarily in phonetics, phonology, and morphology, the Kajkavian dialect atlas features a large number of subdialects: from four identified by Ivšić to six proposed by Croatian linguist Brozović all the way up to fifteen according to a monograph by Croatian linguist Mijo Lončarić.
Area of use
Kajkavian is mainly spoken in northern and northwestern Croatia. The mixed half-Kajkavian towns along the eastern and southern edge of the Kajkavian-speaking area are Pitomača, Čazma, Kutina, Popovača, Sunja, Petrinja, Martinska Ves, Ozalj, Ogulin, Fužine, and Čabar, including newer Štokavian enclaves of Bjelovar, Sisak, Glina, Dubrava, Zagreb and Novi Zagreb. The southernmost Kajkavian villages are Krapje at Jasenovac; and Pavušek, Dvorišče and Hrvatsko selo in Zrinska Gora.The major cities in northern Croatia are located in what was historically a Kajkavian-speaking area, mainly Zagreb, Koprivnica, Krapina, Križevci, Varaždin, Čakovec. The typical archaic Kajkavian is today spoken mainly in Hrvatsko Zagorje hills and Međimurje plain, and in adjacent areas of northwestern Croatia where immigrants and the Štokavian standard had much less influence. The most peculiar Kajkavian dialect is spoken in Bednja in northernmost Croatia. Many of northern Croatian urban areas today are partly Štokavianized due to the influence of the standard language and immigration of Štokavian speakers.
Other southeastern people who immigrate to Zagreb from Štokavian territories often pick up rare elements of Kajkavian in order to assimilate, notably the pronoun "kaj" instead of "što" and the extended use of future anterior, but they never adapt well because of alien eastern accents and ignoring Kajkavian-Čakavian archaisms and syntax.
Kajkavian phonetics
Vowels:consonants:
| Letter or digraph | IPA | Example | Translation |
| a | /a/ | Kaj bum? | What should I do? |
| a | /ɑ/ | Ja grem v Varaždin. | I'm going to Varaždin. |
| b | /b/ | Kaj buš ti, bum i ja. | Whatever you'll do, I'll do it too. |
| c | /ts/ | Čuda cukora 'ma v otem kolaču. | There's a lot of sugar in this cake. |
| č | /tʃ/ | Hočeš kaj ti povedam? | Would you like me to tell you? |
| d | /d/ | Da l' me ljubiš? | Do you love me? |
| dz | /dz/ | Pogledni dzaj za hižom! | Look behind the house! |
| dž | /dʒ/ | Kda nam pak dojde to vreme, kda pemo mi v Medžimurje? | When will we go to Medjimurje again? |
| e | /ɛ/ | Moje srčeko ne m're bez tebe! | My heart cannot go on without you! |
| e | /e/ | Moj Zagreb tak imam te rad! | My Zagreb, I love you so much! |
| e | /ə/ | Ja sem Varaždinec! | I'm a Varaždinian! |
| f | /f/ | Cveti! Cveti, fijolica lepa! | Blossom! Blossom, beautiful violet! |
| g | /ɡ/ | Smrt po vse nas dojde! Na koncu, v grabi smo vsi. | Death comes for us all, in the end we are all in our graves! |
| h | /ɦ/ | Ljubim tve čobice mehke. | I love your tender lips. |
| h | /x/ | Naj se hurmati, kak nekšni hrmak. | Quit fooling around like a buffoon. |
| i | /i/ | Kdo te ima? | Who has you? |
| ie | /jɛ/ | Liepa moja, daj mi se osmiehni, ker ti imaš najliepši osmieh na svietu. | My beauty, give me a smile because you have the most beautiful smile in the world. |
| j | /j/ | Hej, haj, prišel je kraj, nikdar več ne bu dišal nam maj. | Hey, hey, the end has come, to us may, never again would it smell. |
| k | /k/ | Kaj bum? | What should I do? |
| l | /l/ | Ja sem včera v Zagrebu bil, kda sem dimo išel, solzicu sem pustil. | Yesterday I was in Zagreb, and when I went home I had tears in my eyes. |
| lj | /ʎ/ | Tak malo dobroga, v življenju tu se najde. | There is so little good to find in life. |
| m | /m/ | Prosim te kaj mi oprostiš. | Please forgive me. |
| n | /n/ | Znaš kaj? – Nikaj! | You know what? – Nothing! |
| nj | /ɲ/ | Ja samo nju ljubim. | I love only her. |
| o | /ɔ/ | Idemo na morje? | Are we going to the sea? |
| o | /o/ | Ja sem samo tvoj. | I'm only for you. |
| p | /p/ | Upam se, da me još imaš rada. | I hope you still love me. |
| r | /r/ | Vjutro se ja rano 'stanem, malo pred zorju. | I woke up early in the morning, a little before dawn. |
| r | /r̝/ | Prešlo je prešlo, puno ljet. | Many years have passed. |
| s | /s/ | Popevke sem slagal, i rožice bral. | Songs I composed, and roses I picked. |
| š | /ʃ/ | Ja bi ti štel kušlec dati. | I would like to give you a kiss. |
| t | /t/ | Kajti: kak bi bilo da nebi nekak bilo, nebi bilo nikak, ni tak kak je bilo. | Because: how would it be if it wouldn't be like this, it would be nohow, and not like this as it is. |
| u | /u/ | Nikdar ni tak bilo da ni nekak bilo, pak ni vesda ne bu da nam nekak ne bu. | Never had been that has not been nothing and nohow, so it will never be that somehow would it not be. |
| v | /v/ | Vrag te 'zel! | The Devil has taken you away! |
| z | /z/ | Zakaj? – Morti zato? | Why? – Maybe because? |
| ž | /ʒ/ | Kde delaš? – Ja delam na železnici. Zakaj pitaš? | Where are you working? – I'm working on the railroad. Why do you ask? |
Literary Kajkavian
Writings that are judged by some as being distinctly Kajkavian can be dated to around the 12th century. The first comprehensive works in Kajkavian started to appear during the 16th century at a time when Central Croatia gained prominence due to the geopolitical environment since it was free from Ottoman occupation. The most notable work of that era was Ivanuš Pergošić's Decretum, released in 1574. Decretum was a translation of István Werbőczy's Tripartitum.At the same time, many Protestant writers of the Slovene lands also released their works in Kajkavian in order to reach a wider audience, while also using some Kajkavian features in their native writings. During that time, the autonym used by the writers was usually slovinski, horvatski or ilirski.
After that, numerous works appeared in the Kajkavian literary language: chronicles by Vramec, liturgical works by Ratkaj, Habdelić, Mulih; poetry by Ana Katarina Zrinska and Fran Krsto Frankopan, and a dramatic opus by Tituš Brezovački. Kajkavian-based are important lexicographic works like Jambrešić's "Dictionar", 1670, and the monumental Latin-Kajkavian-Latin dictionary "Gazophylacium" by Ivan Belostenec. Miroslav Krleža's poetic work "Balade Petrice Kerempuha" drew heavily on Belostenec's dictionary. Kajkavian grammars include Kornig's, 1795, Matijević's, 1810 and Đurkovečki's, 1837.
During that time, the Kajkavian literary language was the dominant written form in its spoken area along with Latin and German. Until Ljudevit Gaj's attempts to modernize the spelling, Kajkavian was written using Hungarian spelling conventions. Kajkavian began to lose its status during the Croatian National Revival in mid-19th Century when the leaders of the Illyrian movement opted to use the Shtokavian dialect as the basis for the future South Slavic standard language, the reason being that it had the highest number of speakers. Initially, the choice of Shtokavian was accepted even among Slovene intellectuals, but later it fell out of favor. The Zagreb linguistic school was opposed to the course that the standardization process took. Namely, it had almost completely ignored Kajkavian dialects which was contrary to the original vision of Zagreb school. With the notable exception of vocabulary influence of Kajkavian on the standard Croatian register, there was very little to no input from other non-Shtokavian dialects. Instead, the opposite was done, with some modern-day linguists calling the process of 19th-century standardization an event of "neo-Shtokavian purism" and a "purge of non-Shtokavian elements".
Early 20th century witnessed a drastic increase in released Kajkavian literature, although by then it had become part of what was considered Croatian dialectal poetry with no pretense of serving as a standard written form. The most notable writers of this period were among others, Antun Gustav Matoš, Miroslav Krleža, Ivan Goran Kovačić, Dragutin Domjanić and Nikola Pavić.
Kajkavian lexical treasure is being published by the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts in "Rječnik hrvatskoga kajkavskoga književnoga jezika"/Dictionary of the Croatian Kajkavian Literary Language, 8 volumes.
Later, Dario Vid Balog, actor, linguist and writer translated the New Testament in Kajkavian.
In 2018 is published the Kajkavian translation of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's The Little Prince by Kajkavsko spravišče aka Mali kralevič.
Below are examples of the Lord's Prayer in the Croatian variant of Shtokavian, literary Kajkavian and a Međimurje variant of the Kajkavian dialect.
| Standard Croatian | Literary Kajkavian | Međimurje-Kajkavian | Standard Slovene |
Oče naš, koji jesi na nebesima, sveti se ime tvoje, dođi kraljevstvo tvoje, budi volja tvoja, kako na nebu tako i na zemlji. Kruh naš svagdanji daj nam danas i otpusti nam duge naše, kako i mi otpuštamo dužnicima našim, i ne uvedi nas u napast, nego izbavi nas od zla. Amen. | Otec naš, koj si na nebesi, sveti se ime tvoje, dojdi kralestvo tvoje, budi vola tvoja, kak na nebu tak i na zemli. Kruha našega vsagdašnega dej nam denes. I otpusti nam duge naše, kak i mi otpuščamo dužnikom našim, i ne vpelaj nas vu skušavanje, nego oslobodi nas od zla. Amen. | Japek naš ki si v nebesaj, nek se sveti ime Tvoje, nek prihaja cesarstvo Tvoje, nek bo volja Tvoja, kakti na nebi tak pa na zemlji. Kruhek naš vsakdaneši daj nam denes ter odpuščaj nam duge naše, kakti i mi odpuščamo dužnikom našim, ter naj nas vpelati v skušnje, nek zbavi nas od vsakih hudobah. Amen. | Oče naš, ki si v nebesih, posvečeno bodi tvoje ime, pridi k nam tvoje kraljestvo, zgodi se tvoja volja kakor v nebesih tako na zemlji. Daj nam danes naš vsakdanji kruh in odpusti nam naše dolge, kakor tudi mi odpuščamo svojim dolžnikom, in ne vpelji nas v skušnjavo, temveč reši nas hudega. Amen. |
Vocabulary comparison
What follows is a comparison of some words in Kajkavian, Shtokavian and Slovene along with their English translations. Kajkavian is lexically closer to Slovene than to the Croatian Shtokavian dialects, which is considered by some another argument that Kajkavian is a separate language. The Kajkavian words are given in their most common orthographic form. Shtokavian words are given in their standard Croatian form. In cases where the place of accent or stress differs, the syllable with the stress or accent is indicated in bold. Words that are the same in all three are not listed. Loanwords are also not listed.| Kajkavian | Slovene | Shtokavian | English |
| kaj | kaj | što | what |
| k/teri | kateri | koji | which |
| reč | beseda | riječ | word |
| več | več | više | more |
| povedati | povedati | kazati | to say, to tell |
| gda | kdaj/ko | kada | when, ever |
| nigda | nikoli/ nikdar | nikada | never |
| vse | vse | sve | all |
| iti | iti | ići | to go |
| tu | tukaj | tu | here |
| gde | kje | gdje | where |
| negde | nekje | negdje | somewhere |
| vleči | vleči | vući | to tug, to drag |
| obleči | obleči | odjenuti | to dress |
| otiti | oditi | otići | to leave, to go |
| dete | otrok | dijete | child |
| deska | deska | ploča | board |
| leto | leto | godina | year |
| imeti | imeti | imati | to have |
| vekši | večji | veći | bigger, larger |
| bolši | boljši | bolji | better |
| razmeti | razumeti | razumjeti | to understand |
| zdiči | dvigniti | dignuti | to lift, to raise |
| črlen | rdeč | crven | red |
| črn | črn | crni | black |
| bel | bel | bijeli | white |
| gorši | slabši | gori | worse |
| pes | pes | pas | dog |
| narediti | narediti | uraditi | to do |
| pisec | pisec | pisac | writer |
| iskati | iskati | tražiti | to search |
| boleti | boleti | boljeti | to hurt |
| broj | število | broj | number |
| igrati | igrati | igrati | to play |
| vrnuti | vrniti | vratiti | to return |
| hiža | hiša | kuća | house |
| včera | včeraj | jučer | yesterday |
| zaprti | zapreti | zatvoriti | to close, to shut |
| delati | delati | raditi | to work |
| vre | že | već | already |
| komaj | komaj | jedva | barely |
| veha | veja | grana | branch |
| pozoj | zmaj | zmaj | dragon |
| jajce | jajce | jaje | egg |
| človek | človek | čovjek | hu/man |
| megla | megla | magla | fog |
| dešč | dež | kiša | rain |
| žganica | žganje | rakija | brandy |
Kajkavian media
During Yugoslavia in the 20th century, Kajkavian was mostly restricted to private communication, poetry and folklore. With the recent regional democratizing and cultural revival beginning in the 1990s, Kajkavian partly regained its former half-public position chiefly in Zagorje and Varaždin Counties and local towns, where there is now some public media e.g.:- A quarterly periodical "Kaj", with 35 annual volumes in nearly a hundred fascicles published since 1967 by the Kajkavian Association in Zagreb.
- An autumnal week of Kajkavian culture in Krapina since 1997, with professional symposia on Kajkavian resulting in five published proceedings.
- An annual periodical, Hrvatski sjever, with a dozen volumes partly in Kajkavian published by Matica Hrvatska in Čakovec.
- A permanent radio program in Kajkavian, Kajkavian Radio in Krapina. Other minor half-Kajkavian media with temporary Kajkavian contents include local television in Varaždin, the local radio program Sljeme in Zagreb, and some local newspapers in northwestern Croatia in Varaždin, Čakovec, Samobor, etc.
Examples
- Kaj bum? – in Kajkavian: What should I do?
- Kak je, tak je; tak je navek bilo, kak bu tak bu, a bu vre nekak kak bu!
- "Nigdar ni tak bilo da ni nekak bilo, pak ni vezda ne bu da nam nekak ne bu." – Miroslav Krleža
- Kaj buš ti, bum i ja!
- Ne bu išlo!
- "Bumo vidli!"
- "Dej muči!" or "Muči daj!"
- "Buš pukel?" – "Bum!"
- Numerous supplementary examples see also by A. Negro:
- Another major example – traditional Kajkavian "Paternoster" : Japa naš kteri si f 'nebesih nek sesvete ime Tvoje, nek prihaja cesarstvo Tvoje, nek bu volya Tvoja kakti na nebe tak pa na zemle. Kruhek naš sakdajni nam daj denes ter odpuščaj nam dugi naše, kakti mi odpuščamo dužnikom našim ter naj nas fpelati vu skušnje, nek nas zbavi od sekih hudobah. F'se veke vekof, Amen.