Kavousi Project


The Kavousi Project was a multidisciplinary program of archaeological investigations in the area of Kavousi, a historic village at the eastern end of the Gulf of Mirabello in East Crete, Greece. The objective of the project was to restudy a number of archaeological sites originally investigated by the pioneering American archaeologist Harriet Boyd Hawes|Harriet Boyd in the early years of the 20th century, focusing on the Greek Dark Age sites of Kavousi Vronda and Kavousi Kastro, but also including tombs at nearby Aloni, Plaï tou Kastrou, and Skouriasmenos, all located in the northern foothills of the Thripti Mountains of eastern Crete.
The Kavousi Project was directed by Geraldine C. Gesell, Leslie Preston Day, and William D.E. Coulson. The research and fieldwork were conducted with permission from the Greek Ministry of Culture, under the auspices of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens and the 24th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities of the Greek Archaeological Service. Major financial supporters of the Kavousi Project included the University of Tennessee, the Institute for Aegean Prehistory, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the National Geographic Society, the American Philosophical Society, the American Council of Learned Societies, the David A. Packard Foundation, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, the Samuel H. Kress Foundation, the Joullian Foundation, Mr. Richard L. Sias and Mrs. Jeannette F. Sias, and many others.

History of Research

In 1974, Geraldine C. Gesell and Leslie Preston Day initiated a project to locate a number of ancient sites previously investigated by early American archaeologists in the Isthmus of Ierapetra, many of which were not marked accurately on maps of the time. By 1978, this informal survey was narrowed to sites in the area of Kavousi. In the same year, Gesell and Day were joined by William D.E. Coulson to establish the Kavousi Project. When formal excavations at the sites of Vronda and Kastro began in 1987, the Kavousi Project became known as the Kavousi Excavations. A brief chronological outline of the work is as follows: island. The location of Kavousi Vronda is indicated by a star; the location of Kavousi Kastro is indicated by a circle.
Today, select antiquities discovered by the Kavousi Project and Kavousi Excavations are on display in the Archaeological Museum of Agios Nikolaos and in the Archaeological Collection of Ierapetra. Other artifacts, notebooks, original drawings and plans, and photographic contact sheets are housed in the Institute for Aegean Prehistory Study Center for East Crete in Pacheia Ammos in eastern Crete, Greece. The primary photographic archives are curated by the Department of Classics at the University of Tennessee ; copies of color slides and some other materials are also preserved in the W.D.E. Coulson Archives and Library in the Department of History, Archaeology and Social Anthropology at the University of Thessaly.

Archaeological Sites Investigated

Kavousi Vronda

Settlement site, c. 427 meters above sea level, established slightly later than Kavousi Kastro and inhabited for up to four generations before being abandoned at the very end of the Late Minoan IIIC period. Vronda was briefly explored by Harriet Boyd in 1900 and extensively excavated by the Kavousi Project from 1987 to 1992. At its greatest extent, the Vronda settlement covered an area of at least 0.50 hectares and consisted of about 20 houses, a large "special status" building on the summit that may have been the home of the community leader and a place for ritual feasting and drinking ceremonies, a freestanding temple or shrine of the "Goddess with Upraised Arms" , and a kiln. In the Subminoan–Protogeometric periods — and continuing until the early Geometric period — Vronda was used as a cemetery for inhumation burials in at least 11 small, stone-built and corbeled tholos tombs. Located at the northern and northwestern edges of the Late Minoan IIIC settlement, these tholos tombs may have been constructed by the descendants of the original villagers, some of whom most likely had moved to the higher settlement at Kavousi Kastro. In the Late Geometric–Early Orientalizing periods, numerous stone-built enclosures for cremation burials were constructed within and around the long-abandoned and partially collapsed Late Minoan IIIC houses and shrine. As an extensively excavated settlement from a single period of occupation, Kavousi Vronda provides insights into domestic activities, architecture, religion, and social organization of a community at the very beginning of the Greek Dark Ages. Its later cemeteries, used by the inhabitants of Kavousi Kastro and/or nearby Azoria until the mid-7th century BCE, attest to regional mortuary practices, rituals, and ideological concerns throughout the Early Iron Age.

Kavousi Kastro

Settlement site, c. 713 meters above sea level, founded early in the Late Minoan IIIC period and continuously inhabited down to the Orientalizing period, after which the site was abandoned. The Kastro was briefly explored by Harriet Boyd in 1900 and extensively excavated by the Kavousi Project from 1987 to 1992. At its greatest extent, the settlement on the Kastro covered an area of at least 0.84 hectares. While most of the preserved architectural remains belong to the Late Geometric–Early Orientalizing phases, there is ample evidence for the construction of walls, rooms, and houses in the Late Minoan IIIC and Protogeometric periods, with renovations and additions over time. In particular, the Kastro settlement seems to have grown significantly at the end of the Late Minoan IIIC period. Since this is precisely the same time that the settlement at Kavousi Vronda was abandoned, it is likely that at least some of the population of Vronda was absorbed into the community at the Kastro. The Kastro may have become the dominant site in the Kavousi region from the 11th through the 8th centuries BCE. In the Late Geometric period, the excavated portion of the settlement included at least 21 houses, one of which may have been a "special status" structure distinguished by its size and highly visible location on the western slope. Kavousi Kastro thus reveals a long sequence of occupation that provides insights into domestic activities, architecture, and social organization of a community throughout the entire Early Iron Age. Its well-preserved Late Geometric–Early Orientalizing settlement enhances our understanding of ancient society in a key period of Cretan history immediately before the transition to larger urban centers in the Archaic period, such as at nearby Azoria.

Aloni (Skala)

Location of four tholos tombs, c. 300 meters southwest of Kavousi Kastro, originally excavated by Harriet Boyd and Blanche Wheeler in 1901 and reinvestigated by the Kavousi Project in 1981. The tombs at Aloni, also known locally as Skala are now designated Aloni I–IV. Only three tombs were still preserved in 1981. Ceramic remains suggest periods of use in the Subminoan–Protogeometric, Geometric, and Late Geometric–Early Orientalizing periods. Based on their location and period of use, it is likely that these tombs formed part of a cemetery used by inhabitants of Kavousi Kastro.

Plaï tou Kastrou

Location of at least one stone-built tholos tomb on a slope c. 200 meters south of Kavousi Kastro, from which the British archaeologist Arthur Evans had obtained antiquities in 1896 and 1899. The artifacts from the tomb at Plaï tou Kastrou date to the Subminoan–Early Protogeometric and Late Geometric–Early Orientalizing periods. Based on its location and period of use, it is likely that the tomb at Plaï tou Kastrou was used by inhabitants of Kavousi Kastro.

Skouriasmenos

Location of a well-built, stone tholos tomb, c. 500 meters southeast of Kavousi Kastro. Although the tomb at Skouriasmenos had been systematically robbed prior to 1900, the architecture of the tomb is particularly well-preserved. When Harriet Boyd visited the site in 1900, she found several vessels dating to the Late Geometric–Early Orientalizing period. Based on its architectural sophistication, location, period of use, and contents, it is likely that the Skouriasmenos tomb was used by an important family or individual from the settlement at Kavousi Kastro.

Ridopoulia

Three small rock-shelters containing burials east of the modern village of Kavousi, on a terrace known locally as Ridopoulia. One rock-shelter, excavated by the Kavousi Project in 1981, had been previously robbed but contained fragments of Late Minoan III ceramics. Another rock shelter is said to have been cleared by a local landowner in the mid-20th century; a third tomb is said to have been excavated by a local landowner and American archaeologist Richard Seager in the early 20th century. Based on their location and period of use, it is likely that these tombs formed part of a cemetery used by a Late Minoan III settlement on the site of the modern Kavousi village.

Kavousi Excavation Series

In addition to numerous preliminary reports and thematic studies in academic journals and edited books, the comprehensive results of the Kavousi Project appear in the specialized volumes of the Kavousi Excavation Series, all published by INSTAP Academic Press.

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