Khadga Shamsher was born on 16 February 1861 as the third of the seventeen sons of Commander-In-Chief of the Nepalese Army Dhir Shamsher Rana with his third wife Nanda Kumari Thapa, of whom he was the first son. His mother was a sister of Colonel Keshar Singh Thapa. Among the seventeen sons of Dhir Shamsher, he was junior only to the eldest Bir Shamsher and the illegitimate brother Dambar Shamsher. His other three co-uterine brothers were Dev Shamsher, Chandra Shamsher and Bhim Shamsher. He served as Lieutenant Colonel in the Nepalese Army in his early youth.
Career
42 Saalko Parva (Coup of 1885)
On 30 Ashwin 1941, Dhir Shamsher died unexpectedly by choking. His death uplifted the role of succession of all the roleholder Ranas. As per the role of succession of the Ranas published on 10 Mangshir 1941, Lieutenant Colonel Khadga Shamsher Kunwar Rana was ranked tenth-in-line to the throne of Prime Minister and Shree Teen Maharaja. Meanwhile Prime Minister Ranoddip Singh Kunwar began to impease his outcasted nephew Jagat Jang Kunwar Rana. Also, the Queen Mother Tara Kumari imprisoned Bir Shamsher shortly for protesting against her proposal of Jagat Jang as the successor of Ranoddip Singh. These events escalated the insecurity of Shamsher brothers and were strongly determined to achieve the power against Jagat Jang through the murder of Ranoddip Singh. Ranoddip Singh planned to send the Shamsher brothers with troops to Delhi on a British military exhibition and declare Jagat Jang as his successor. However, Shamsher brothers counterplanned an intrigue to murder their uncle Ranoddip Singh using the large command of troops under them as well as the recently flattened bodyguards and counsellor of Ranodip Singh. The date of the murder was affixed on 9 Mangshir 1942 and on that night, Bir Shamsher, Dambar Shamsher, Khadga Shamsher, Chandra Shamsher and Bhim Shamsher entered the Palace of Ranoddip Singh. At 9 pm, the murder was executed by three of them - Dambar Shamsher, Khadga Shamsher and Bhim Shamsher. Khadga Shamsher's second bullet shot mortally wounded Ranodip Singh. Over an hour, there was a declaration in the Tundikhel that Bir Shamsher was the new Shree Teen Maharaja. It was supported by second Queen Mother Lalit Rajeshwari who made an emotional appeal in front of soldiers. Khadga Shamsher in jubilation shouted Shree Teen Maharaja Ki and was responded "Jai" by the soldiers. Bir Shamsher was now legitimately accepted by the soldiers. Till his later life, Khadga Shamsher boasted about the coup that he "... won the Kingdom of Nepal over an hour by a single bullet."
Coup attempt and removal from succession (1887)
In the aftermath of coup, all the Shamsher brothers added the title of Jang Bahadur to their name. Khadga Shamsher received the position of the Commander-In-Chief of the Nepalese Army and was second-in-line to Prime Minister Maharaja Bir Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana in the new role of succession and furthermore received some of the authority from Bir Shamsher as reward. He began to grew more arrogant that his effort took Shamsher family and Bir Shamsher to the apex of political power. He began to run administration without the suggestion of his brother Bir Shamsher. He became ambitious to capture the Prime Ministership and initiated activities against Bir Shamsher. In retaliation, Bir Shamsher dismissed all of the employees of Khadga Shamsher making him more frustrated. Khadga Shamsher planned a coup against his brother Bir Shamsher on the planned eve of Bratabandha ceremony of his younger brother Colonel Sher Shamsher on middle of Falgun month of 1943 Vikram Samvat at his residence in Thapathali Durbar. He had his brother Commanding-General Chandra Shamsher and youngest Queen Mother Bishnu Divyeshwari, a daughter of uncle Jagat Shamsher Kunwar Rana, by his side. Bir Shamsher, though warned by his bodyguard Colonel Faud Singh Khatri, went on to attend the ceremony. Suddenly, the palace was closed after the end of the ceremony even on the presence of the Prime Minister Bir Shamsher which was against the tradition of the period. The personal spies of Bir Shamsher reported the event of door closure including the absence of Khadga Shamsher from the main scene. Bir Shamsher felt insecure and planned to exit. However, he found the door closed as foretold and quickly exited the palace by threatening the doorguard. The coup attempt was met with failure and the event further escalated the insecurity of Khadga Shamsher. On 23 Falgun 1943, there was an invitation to Prime Minister Bir Shamsher to attend the occasion of Samyak Puja of Buddhists without arms at Swayambhu. Khadga Shamsher yet again planned to arrest Bir Shamsher and exile him. The plan was again revealed to the Prime Minister by his bodyguard Faud Singh Khatri and Prime Minister Bir did not attend the ceremony. Khadga Shamsher also had his maternal uncle Colonel Keshar Singh Thapa and brother Chandra Shamsher by his side. When Prime Minister Bir Shamsher did not attend the ceremony, he sent Chandra Shamsher to call upon the Prime Minister in his private residence at Hiti Darbar. However, Chandra Shamsher stayed and the ambitious plan of Khadga Shamsher was nulled yet again. On the evening of the same day, Prime Minister Bir Shamsher called upon Khadga Shamsher at his residence which he could not disobey. When Khadga Shamsher landed from his riding horse at the Prime Minister's residence, he was subsequently arrested by the security forces. Prime Minister Bir Shamsher himself exclaimed that Khadga Shamsher was removed out of the role of succession and the position of Commander-in-chief, and therefore, he was exiled to Palpa.
Governorship of Palpa
Though initially he lived an exile life at Palpa, he was made the provincial governor of Palpa subsequently.
Discovery of Lumbini (1896)
In December 1896, German archaeologist Dr. Alois Anton Führer was making a follow-up survey of the nearby Nigali-Sagar pillar which was earlier discovered and investigated by him in March 1895. According to some accounts, Fuhrer found the Lumbini pillar on 1 December, and then asked the help of the regional governor, General Khadga Shamsher Rana, to excavate it. According to other accounts, General Khadga Shamsher knew the location of the pillar and led Führer to it. It had also been reported by Khadga Shamsher to Irish IndologistVincent Arthur Smith a few year earlier. Initially, only the top of the pillar was visible, with a medieval inscription on it. The Nepalese authorities under General Khadga Shamsher dug around the pillar, to find the ancient Brahmi inscription, which therefore had remained underground, hidden from view. It established Lumbini as the birthplace of Buddha since Ashoka visited and identified it in the 3rd century BCE.
Retirement and Death
After many years of governing Palpa, Khadga Shamsher finally settled in present day Sagar, Madhya Pradesh in India for rest of his life. He died on 22 December 1921 at Nepal Palace in Saugor.
Descendants
He had eight sons and several daughters. His grandson Guna Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana was the Commander-in-chief of the Nepalese Army from 1975 to 1980. His two granddaughters through his son Tunga Shamsher were married to the sons of Maharaja of Tehri Garhwal Narendra Shah. His grandson Jagadish Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana was the Nepalese ambassador to USSR and to India. His eldest daughter Ganga Kumari Devi was married to Raja Dev Jang Bahadur Singh of Bajhang. One of his daughter Thakurani Chuda Devyashwari Devi was married to Thakur Mahendra Singh of Sagar; whose children was Vijaya Raje Scindia who went on to become Queen of Gwalior State in India.
Palaces
He had lived in Thapathali Durbar where he performed Bratabandha ceremony for his brother Colonel Sher Shamsher in Falgun 1943 Vikram Samvat. Rani Mahal is a palace located in the banks of Kali Gandaki River in Palpa district of Nepal, which was constructed by General Khadga Shamsher in 1893 AD in the memory of his queen.
