Khmuic languages


The Khmuic languages are a branch of the Austroasiatic languages spoken mostly in northern Laos, as well as in neighboring northern Vietnam and southern Yunnan, China. Khmu is the only language in the group that has many speakers.

Homeland

suggests that the Khmuic Urheimat was in what is now Oudomxay Province, northern Laos.

Languages

The Khmuic languages are:
There is some disagreement over whether Bit is Khmuic or Palaungic; Svantesson believes it is most likely Palaungic, and it is sometimes placed in Mangic, but most classifications here take them as Khmuic. Similarly, Phuoc and Kháng are also sometimes classified as Mangic, and Kháng is classified as Palaungic by Diffloth.
The recently discovered Bumang language is also likely a Khmuic or Palaungic language. Jerold A. Edmondson considers it to be most closely related to Khang. Also, Quang Lam is a poorly attested language in Vietnam that may be closely related to Kháng or Bit.

Classification

The interrelationships of these languages are uncertain. Ethnologue 19 classifies them as follows:
A provisional classification at SEALang keeps Mal–Phrai, but connects Khao with Khang instead of with Bit, treats Khuen as a dialect of Khmu':
Chazée, citing Diffloth & Proschan, has the following:
However, Gérard Diffloth now considers Pramic to be a separate Austroasiatic branch that has come under heavy influence from Khmu.

Peiros (2004)

Ilia Peiros has the following:
Based on developments of Proto-Khmuic *aː₁, Paul Sidwell classifies the Khmuic languages as follows.
;Khmuic
The developments of Proto-Khmuic *aː₁ according to Sidwell are: