King Street Bridge (Melbourne)


The King Street Bridge carries King Street over the Yarra River in Melbourne, Australia. The bridge continues south as an elevated viaduct, with the Crown Casino built around it in later years.
As originally constructed, the bridge had eight lanes across the Yarra River, two through lanes in each direction connecting King Street to Kings Way, in addition to two lanes on each side that connected to Yarra Bank Road. At the south end north facing on and off ramps connected to Whiteman Street, and the running lanes from the viaduct descend to ground level, with tram route 58 emerging from City Road to the median strip. In the 1990s, the development of Crown Casino closed Yarra Bank Road, and the bridge ramps were connected to the basement carpark of the complex.
The south end of the bridge has been undergoing differential settlement between the approach ramps resting on fill, and the suspended section supported by bored piles.

History

The King Street Bridge was designed in 1959 by Hardcastle and Richards, consulting engineers for the main contractor, Utah Australia for the Country Roads Board, and constructed over the next two years, being opened on 12 April 1961. It is of a welded, steel girder concrete deck cantilever-suspended span construction with suspended spans up to approximately long.
The King Street Bridge carries King Street over the Yarra River. The bridge continues south as an elevated viaduct, with the Crown Casino built around it in later years.
Soon after completion, on 10 July 1962, one span collapsed under the weight of a 47-ton semi-trailer, though the weight was within the bridge limits.
The following, excepting Reconstruction, is taken from the report of the Royal Commission.
Short history
Sep 1956. Design and construct tenders called by the Country Roads Board of Victoria as the Constructing Authority.
May 1957 Tenders awarded.
Sep 1957 Work started.
Apr 1961 Open to traffic.
Oct 1961 Bridge handed over to Melbourne & Metropolitan Board of Works as a metropolitan highway.
Jul 1962 Bridge collapsed.
Sep 1962
to Royal Commission into the failure of Kings Bridge.
Aug 1963
Participants for Construction
CRB Constructing Authority and Contract Principal.
UTAH Aust Ltd Principal Contractor.
J&W Johns & Waygood.  Subcontractor to Utah for fabrication, erection and painting of girders.
H&R Hardcastle and Richards, consulting Engineers. Subcontractor to Utah for detailed design of superstructure.
BHP Broken Hill Propriety Ltd. for supply of steel.
Design
The superstructure design by H&R incorporated standard design details for girders and cover plates as was common at the time for mild steel construction. CRB had allowed in the tender the use of high tensile steel to British Standard BS 968:1941. H&R chose to use this steel to reduce weight, so economising on the cost of the foundations. Design and construction of the foundations was undertaken by UTAH.
Included in the CRB tender documents were comprehensive specifications for fabrication in high tensile steel to be read in conjunction with and additional to those of BS 968 -1941.
Neither UTAH nor J&W ever really appreciated the differences that high tensile steel presented in its fabrication, particularly with regards to welding. Therein started the road to failure.
Material supply
J&W, when placing their order for steel from BHP, failed to require  additional tests as per the CRB specifications. As a result, BHP only supplied ladle analyses. BHP even stated to J&W at some stage that Izod tests for ductility as per the CRB specifications were useless.
Not all tensile and Izod tests for different plate thicknesses were carried out.
Steel supplied by BHP was generally very close to the maximum tolerances regarding chemical composition. It was later revealed  that the chemical composition of plates sometimes exceeded specification even when ladle analysis was within specification. BHP also did not appreciate the welding requirements for high tensile steel and even advised J&W on occasion that even when the chemical composition shown by ladle analysis exceeded specification, the steel was still weldable. Brittleness  was of prime importance and under test, some samples did not even show a yield point.
Cover plates & Welding
H&R placed the transverse welded ends of cover plates of tension flanges in regions of low stress as permitted by the specifications. Had proper consideration  been given during fabrication to weld preparation, the failure of the bridge may not have occurred. The greatest oversight appeared to be the lack of, or insufficient, preheat around the weld area to limit the intensity of residual stresses in the heat affected zone. In these circumstances, brittle fracture was almost guaranteed. In fact, all the cracks occurred in the HAZ of the plate material.
Izod tests for plate and welds were specificied. Many Izod tests, particularly for welds, were repeated after an initial failure until a pass was achieved.
The Commission Report stated that "A more callous disregard of the value of acceptance tests it would be difficult to imagine"
Fabrication inspection
During final inspection of girders, under significant pressure of time and very unsatisfactory circumstances, it was likely that the cracks which eventually caused the bridge to fail were missed.
As J&W were responsible for all plate tests, for which they were not particularly convinced were necessary, there was a great deal of bickering between CRB inspectors and J&W shop staff. The Commissioners in their report made the statement that "We hardly know whom to blame the more, J&W for its cavalier attitude or CRB for putting up with it".
Reconstruction.
As authority in charge of the bridge at time of failure, MMBW was responsible for the design of the reconstruction method.
MMBW Highways Division carried out this work. The engineering staff were William Burren, Chief Engineer, Highways Division, Stan Long 2nd in Charge, Bruce Day Chief Structural Engineer, Shandor Mokos and Tom Dobson Senior Structural Engineers, and Graham Ebbage Assistant Structural Engineer. All are deceased bar Ebbage who went on to design bridges in Melbourne, Brisbane and Hong Kong.
It had to be assumed that all girders contained cracks, whether presently detected or not. It was therefore decided to post tension all girders so as to leave no parts in tension.
As each span consisted of four girders, it was decided to construct large heavily reinforced concrete blocks at the ends of each pair of girders. These were to house the anchor blocks of the post tensioning cables. These blocks were held between the girders by heavy high tensile rods passing through each block from girder to girder, averaging about 19 rods each.
The cables were of the Freyssinet type with cast iron wedges fastening each cable into a mating block. Each cable was made up of a number of strands each containing seven high tensile wires. As an example, on span No 11, 110 feet long, the total prestressing force employed amounted to about 11000 tonnes.
To protect the cables from corrosion, the cables were enclosed in fibre cement ducts and then high pressure grouted. These are what some people now see as pipes under the bridge.
The reconstruction was carried out by John Holland Constructions. Bruce Day was MMBW Site Engineer for the contract.