Lansing–Ishii Agreement
The Lansing–Ishii Agreement was a diplomatic note signed between the United States and Japan on 2 November 1917 over their disputes with regards to China.
In the published text of the Agreement, signed by United States Secretary of State Robert Lansing and Japanese special envoy Ishii Kikujirō, both parties pledged to uphold the Open Door Policy in China with respect to its territorial and administrative integrity. However, the US government also acknowledged that Japan had "special interests" in China because of its geographic proximity, especially in areas of China adjacent to Japanese territory, which was effectively a contradiction to the Open Door Policy.
In a secret protocol attached to the public agreement, both parties agreed not to take advantage of the special opportunities presented by World War I to seek special rights or privileges in China at the expense of other nations that had been allied in the war effort against Germany.
At the time, the Lansing–Ishii Agreement was touted as evidence that Japan and the United States had laid to rest their increasingly-acrimonious rivalry over China, and the agreement was hailed as a landmark in Japan–American relations. However, critics soon realized that the vagueness and the differing possible interpretations of the agreement meant that nothing had really been decided after two months of talks. The agreement was abrogated in April 1923, when it was replaced by the Nine-Power Treaty.
For the Japanese, if the Lansing–Ishii Agreement of 1917, which acknowledged Tokyo's special interests in part of China, did not imply equality with white people, it still recognized that Japan could not easily be ignored in international affairs.
