He was born at Birr Castle, Parsonstown, King's County, Ireland, the son and successor of the astronomer William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse who built the "Leviathan of Parsonstown" telescope, largest of its day, and his wife, the Countess of Rosse, an amateur astronomer and pioneering photographer. Lawrence succeeded his father in 1867 and was educated first at home by tutors, like John Purser, and after at Trinity College, Dublin and Oxford University. He was the brother of Charles Algernon Parsons, inventor of the steam turbine. He served as the eighteenth Chancellor of Trinity College, Dublin between 1885 and 1908. His father served as the sixteenth Chancellor. He was Lord Lieutenant of King's County and Custos Rotulorum of King's County from 1892 to his death. He was also a Justice of the Peace for the county and was appointed High Sheriff of King's County for 1867–68. He was knighted KP in 1890. Lord Rosse also performed some preliminary work in association with the practices of the electrodeposition of copper sulfate upon silver films circa 1865 whilst in search of the design for a truly flat mirror to use in a telescope. However, he found it impossible to properly electroplate copper upon these silver films, as the copper would contract and detach from the underlying glass substrate. His note has been cited as one of the earliest confirmations in literature that thin films on glass substrates experience residual stresses. He revived discussion in on his work Nature's August 1908 edition after witnessing similar techniques used to present newly-devised searchlights before the Royal Society. Although overshadowed by his father, he nonetheless pursued some astronomical observations of his own, particularly of the Moon. Most notably, he discovered NGC 2. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in December 1867 and delivered the Bakerian lecture there in 1873. He was vice-president of the society in 1881 and 1887. From 1896 he was President of the Royal Irish Academy. In May 1902 he was at Carnavon to receive the honorary degree LL.D. from the University of Wales during the ceremony to install the Prince of Wales as Chancellor of that university.
