Born at Samara, the son of a metalworker, Serebryakov left school at 14 to operate a lathe in an engineering works in Lugansk. He joined the Bolsheviks at the age of 15, during the 1905 revolution, and was arrested several times in 1905-07, and dismissed from his job because of his revolutionary activities. In 1908, he was exiled for two years to Vologda province. In 1910-11, after his release, he acted as an itinerant Bolshevik organiser, and was a delegate to the Prague Conference in January 1912, the first which excluded Mensheviks and anyone else who did not follow the line laid down by Vladimir Lenin, leader of the Bolsheviks. Returning to Samara in 1912, he was arrested and sentenced to three years exile in Narym. He escaped in 1913, and was sent by the party to Baku to organise a strike, but had to leave because he was shadowed. He was arrested in Odessa, and sent back to Narym. In 1914, he escaped again, but was arrested in Moscow, and returned to Narym. He was released from exile in 1916, but was drafted into the infantry for the war against Germany.
In 1923, Serebryakov signed the Declaration of the 46, after which he supported Leon Trotsky. According to his daughter, Serebryakov looked up to Trotsky as a "great authority", who treated him with "not only respect, reverence, but also some kind of warmth and love, purely human." He was removed from his government post in 1924, and sent to Vienna, on a mission to negotiated a peace treaty between the USSR and Romania. Victor Serge, who covered the talks as a journalist, described Serebryakov as "marked out by his moral authority, talents and past..., plump, vigorous in manner, fair-haired, with a full, round face and aggressive little moustache. After the talks collapsed, he was sent on a trade mission to the USA. Returning to Russia in 1926, he acted as go-between during the rapprochement between Trotsky and Grigory Zinoviev and their supporters. He was expelled from the Communist Party in August 1927, as one of a group who had been running an underground printing press, and exiled to Semipalantinsk. He renounced his support for the left opposition in 1929, and his party membership was reinstated in January 1930.
Arrest and execution
Serebryakov became head of the Central Administration of Highways and Automobile Transport administration in 1931, and first deputy head from August 1935, and unlike many former oppositionists, it seems he avoided coming under any suspicion. Nevertheless he was named during the first of the Moscow Trials in August 1936 as a member of the supposed Trotskyite Terrorist Centre, and arrested. While he was under arrest, his prosecutor Andrey Vyshinskymisappropriated his house and money. Galina was also arrested and exiled. Their daughter, Zorya, then aged 14, was also arrested, and later sent to join her mother in exile. During the Trial of the Seventeen in January 1937, Serebryakov was accused of being accomplice in a murder attempt on Nikolai Yezhov and Lavrenti Beria and damaging attacks on Soviet railways in his capacity as head of Soviet railway transport even though he was the head of Soviet automobile, not railway, transport. He was sentenced to death after a forced confession by torture. He was shot on 1 February 1937. For a long time, Galina blamed her ex-husbands for her arrest in 1937, and her years of exile and imprisonment, discovering only after Stalin's death that they were both innocent. Serebryakov was rehabilitated in December 1986.
