Li Jiao (Tang dynasty)
Li Jiao, courtesy name Jushan, formally the Duke of Zhao, was an official of the Chinese Tang Dynasty and Wu Zetian's Zhou Dynasty, serving as chancellor during the reigns of Wu Zetian, her sons Emperor Zhongzong and Emperor Ruizong, and her grandson Emperor Shang.
Background
It is not known exactly when Li Jiao was born, but it is known that his family was from Zhao Prefecture. He came from a prominent clan, and his great-granduncle Li Yuancao was a well-known official during Tang Dynasty's predecessor Sui Dynasty. His father Li Zhen'e, who had served as the magistrate of Xiangcheng County, died early, and it was said that Li Jiao served his mother Lady Zhang with great filial piety. His literary talent began to be known when he was young, and his reputation matched that of Su Weidao, who was also from Zhao Prefecture. He already understood the Five Classics at age 14 and was praised by the chancellor Xue Yuanchao. He passed the imperial examination at age 19 and was made the sheriff of Anding County. He was soon promoted to serve in the capital Chang'an, and he, along with older colleagues Luo Binwang and Liu Guangye, became known for their literary talent.Sometime during the reign of Emperor Gaozong, Li Jiao became an imperial censor. At that time, there was a Lao rebellion in Yong and Yan Prefectures, and Emperor Gaozong launched an army to suppress it, with Li Jiao serving as the army's auditor. When the army reached Yong and Yan Prefectures, however, Li Jiao went to the rebel camps and persuaded the leaders to surrender, allowing the army to withdraw without a fight. He was later made imperial attendant.
During Wu Zetian's reign
By 692, Emperor Gaozong's wife Wu Zetian was reigning as "emperor" of her new Zhou Dynasty, interrupting Tang Dynasty. That year, her secret police official Lai Junchen had falsely accused the chancellors Ren Zhigu, Di Renjie, and Pei Xingben, along with other officials Cui Xuanli, Lu Xian, Wei Yuanzhong, and Li Sizhen of treason. As these officials were set for execution, Wu Zetian had Li Jiao, along with two other officials, Zhang Deyu and Liu Xian, review the cases. Zhang and Liu knew that the accusations were false, but feared Lai, and therefore initially failed to object to the judgments. Li Jiao advocated that they did, and so the three filed written objections. As a result, they offended Wu Zetian, and she demoted him to be the military advisor to the prefect of Run Prefecture. After some time, Li Jiao was recalled to serve as Fengge Sheren, a mid-level official at the legislative bureau of government, and he became largely responsible for drafting imperial edicts. While serving in that office, in 697, when Eastern Tujue's khan Ashina Mochuo made a request for Zhou to return Tujue people who had previously submitted to Tang and also to grant a number of supplies that he needed, Li Jiao lodged an objection against the recommendation of the chancellors Yao Shu and Yang Zaisi to comply, but Wu Zetian still granted Ashina Mochuo's requests. Later that year, he took over the selection of officials at the ministry of civil service affairs on an acting basis, and he began establishing a list of reserve officials who would draw salaries from the imperial treasury. Also around that time, Wu Zetian had established an imperial censorate to review local government affairs, which would send out censors to examine the local government affairs, leaving the capital Luoyang in the third month of the lunar year and returning in the 11th month to report on findings. Li Jiao, believing that the time was insufficient, suggested dividing the empire into 20 circuits so that the censors had smaller areas to review. Wu Zetian initially agreed, but after opposition by other officials, did not carry out Li Jiao's proposal.As of 698, Li Jiao was serving as Mishu Shaojian, the deputy head of the Palace Library, when he was given the designation Tong Fengge Luantai Pingzhangshi, making him a chancellor de facto. In 700, Wu Zetian, in order to give her lovers Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong legitimacy in their entries into the palace, had Li Jiao head a project to create a work known as the Essence of Pearls from the Three Religions – a compilation of various poetry about Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism – and had Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong involved in the project as well. Later that year, after Wu Zetian named Li Jiao's uncle Zhang Xi as a chancellor, Li Jiao, who was by this point serving also as Luantai Shilang, the deputy head of the examination bureau, had his chancellor designation removed, because Wu Zetian did not want uncle and nephew to serve as chancellors at the same time. Li Jiao was instead made Chengjun Jijiu, the principal of the imperial university.
By 702, Li Jiao was serving as deputy to the chancellor Wei Juyuan, who was serving as official in charge of Luoyang while Wu Zetian was at the western capital Chang'an, when Wu Zetian summoned Wei to Chang'an and had Li Jiao take over the responsibility at Luoyang.
By 703, when Wu Zetian changed the name of the executive bureau from Wenchang Tai to Zhongtai, Li Jiao was serving as Zhongtai Zuo Cheng, when he was made acting Nayan, the head of the examination bureau and a post considered one for a chancellor. In 704, in response to the problem that imperial officials were not willing to be local officials, Li Jiao and fellow chancellor Tang Xiujing suggested that the officials at the central government be assigned to the prefectures and counties to serve as officials, offering to go first themselves. Wu Zetian had 20 officials randomly drawn, and neither Li Jiao nor Tang was sent out. Later in 704, Li Jiao was made acting Neishi, the head of the legislative bureau and also a post considered one for a chancellor. Also in 704, when Wu Zetian instituted a tax on the Buddhist monks and nuns of the realm to build a large Buddha statute, Li Jiao and Zhang Tinggui opposed the project, and Wu Zetian eventually stopped it. Li Jiao then requested to be relieved of Neishi duties, and was given the chancellor designation Tong Fengge Luantai Sanpin. Late in the year, he was removed of chancellor duties altogether, becoming minister of the treasury instead.
During Emperor Zhongzong's second reign
In 705, Wu Zetian was overthrown in a coup, in which Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong were killed. Wu Zetian's son Li Xian the Crown Prince, formerly emperor, was restored to the throne. Li Jiao was accused of having flattered Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong and was demoted out of the capital, to serve as the prefect of Yu Prefecture, but before he departed for Yu Prefecture was made the prefect of Tong Prefecture. Several months later, he was recalled to serve as deputy minister of civil service affairs, and was soon promoted to be the minister of civil service affairs. It was said that when he was minister of civil service affairs, he, hoping to become chancellor again, expanded the roll of reserve officials and made many relatives and friends of powerful individuals reserve officials, in order to placate them.In 706, Li Jiao was given the designation Tong Zhongshu Menxia Sanpin, making him again a chancellor. That year, when Emperor Zhongzong's son-in-law Wang Tongjiao was accused of a treasonous plot with Zhang Zhongzhi, Zu Yanqing, and Zhou Jing, of plotting to kill Wu Sansi the Prince of Dejing, the lover of Emperor Zhongzong's powerful wife Empress Wei and then depose Empress Wei, Zhang, while being interrogated, openly accused Empress Wei and Wu Sansi of adultery. Li Jiao, Wei Juyuan, and Yang Zaisi were assigned to the investigation, in addition the censors Li Chengjia and Yao Shaozhi. Wei and Yang acted as if they did not hear Zhang's accusation, while Li Jiao and Yao simply tried to have Zhang taken to prison for execution without acting on his accusation. Eventually, Wang and his associates were executed. Later that year, Li Jiao was again made the head of the legislative bureau, now with the title Zhongshu Ling. By this point, however, he had realized that his expansion of the roll of reserve officials was causing a major drain on the imperial treasury, and he, admitting this, offered to resign, an offer that Emperor Zhongzong declined.
In 707, Emperor Zhongzong's crown prince Li Chongjun, born of a concubine, was angry that Empress Wei's daughter Li Guo'er the Princess Anle was repeatedly insulting him and trying to become crown princess to displace him, started a rebellion and killed Wu Sansi and Wu Sansi's son Wu Chongxun. He subsequently marched on the palace, hoping to arrest Li Guo'er, Empress Wei, and Emperor Zhongzong's concubine Consort Shangguan Wan'er. Li Jiao was one of the officials who commanded imperial guards in countering Li Chongjun's attack, and Li Chongjun was eventually defeated and killed. Thereafter, Wei Yuanzhong, by this point a senior chancellor, was accused of association with Li Chongjun by Zong Chuke and Ji Chuna, and Li Jiao and Yang went along with Zong's and Ji's accusations; Wei was eventually exiled and died in exile.
In 708, when Emperor Zhongzong established an imperial literary institute Xiuwen Pavilion, Li Jiao was made a scholar at the institute, and Emperor Zhongzong often summoned the scholars for literary contests to be judged by Consort Shangguan. Also in 708, he was made minister of defense and remained chancellor with the Tong Zhongshu Menxia Sanpin. He was also created the Duke of Zhao and given the honorific title Tejin.