List of English words with dual French and Anglo-Saxon variations
This list of English words with dual French and Anglo-Saxon variations lists various English words with redundant loanwords. After the Norman invasion of England in 1066 many of the more refined English words describing finished products were replaced with words, borrowed from Anglo-Norman. In contrast, common unfinished equivalents continued to use the native English term. This replacement can be explained by the fact that meat was an expensive product at the time and that the lord and nobleman of Norman origin were eating it more often than the commoners, who were raising the livestock. This duality is also mirrored in French, where "beef" is bœuf, but "cow" is vache. These dual words later formed the basis of the Middle English wordstock, and were eventually passed into the modern language.
In some cases, these dual variations are distant etymological twins, as in cow/beef, both from Proto-Indo-European *gʷōus, but in other cases, such as calf/veal, they come from distinct PIE roots.
Generally, words coming from French often retain a higher register than words of Anglo-Saxon origin, and they are considered by some to be more posh, elaborate, sophisticated, or pretentious. However, there are exceptions: weep, groom and stone occupy a slightly higher register than cry, brush and rock. Words taken directly from Latin and Ancient Greek are generally perceived as colder, more technical, and more medical or scientific – compare life with biology.
List of English words with dual Old English/Old French variations
Foods:| Anglo-Saxon origin words | Old French origin words | Notes |
| cow ox | beef | |
| calf | veal | |
| swine pig | pork | |
| sheep | mutton | |
| hen chicken | poultry | |
| deer hart | venison | |
| snail | escargot | |
| dove | pigeon |
Other words:
| Anglo-Saxon origin words | Old French origin words | notes |
| thinking, mindful | pensive | |
| kingly | royal | |
| almighty | omnipotent | |
| brotherly | fraternal | |
| motherly | maternal | |
| fatherly | paternal | |
| sisterly | sororal | |
| ask, beseech | enquire | |
| lord | liege | |
| bring, bear | carry | |
| amaze, stun | astonish | |
| wordbook | dictionary | |
| fair, fair-haired | blond | |
| ghost | phantom | |
| uphold, undergird, | support | |
| smell, stench | odour | |
| hue, blee | colour | |
| blossom | flower | |
| help, bestand, bestead | aid, abet, assist | |
| buy | purchase | |
| belief | faith | |
| wonder | ponder | |
| selfhood | identity | |
| , ground | reason, cause | |
| weep, sob | cry | |
| knowledge | science | |
| lawyer | attorney | |
| thrall | serf, captive | |
| hearty | cordial | |
| deem | consider, judge | |
| harbour, haven | port | |
| sever | ||
| answer | reply, response | |
| follow | ensue | |
| fall, harvest | autumn | |
| leave | permission | |
| seethe, | boil | |
| hunt | chase | |
| wisdom | prudence, sagacity | |
| weird, fremd | strange | |
| behaviour | manner | |
| uncouth | rude | |
| , belongings | property | |
| folk, lede | people | |
| forgive | pardon | |
| darling | favourite | |
| worthy | valuable | |
| drought, dearth | famine | |
| wish, will, yearning, longing, want | desire | |
| span | distance | |
| tumble | somersault | |
| drink | beverage, imbibe | |
| deal | amount | |
| freedom | liberty | |
| brittle | frail, fragile | |
| weak | feeble, faint | |
| wild | savage | |
| betrothal | proposal | |
| kingship | monarchy | |
| forefather | ancestor | |
| reckless | intrepid | |
| awesome, unbelievable | incredible | |
| tough | difficult | |
| homesickness | nostalgia | |
| hopelessness | despair | |
| wholesome, healthy, healthful | salutary, salubrious | |
| aching | painful | |
| daring, boldness | audacity | |
| unwilling, loath | reluctant | |
| wilful | deliberate | |
| wont | accustomed | |
| lovely, fair | beautiful | |
| anger, wrath | ire, rage | |
| angry, wrathful | irate | |
| bloodthirsty | sanguinary | |
| woodwork | carpentry | |
| warmongering | belligerent | |
| deathly | lethal, mortal | |
| forgiving | indulgent | |
| abide, acknowledge | comply, obey, observe | |
| stern | severe | |
| foe | enemy | |
| friendly | amicable | |
| inn | tavern | |
| woodland, woods | forest | |
| to rue | to lament, to regret | |
| rueful | regretful | |
| ruthless | remorseless | |
| weapon | arm | |
| grave | tomb | |
| graveyard | cemetery | |
| outspoken, straightforward | honest, frank | |
| green | verdant | |
| snake | serpent | |
| fire | flame | |
| cook | chef | |
| house | mansion | |
| offspring | progeny | |
| live, abide, dwell | reside | |
| think | conceive | |
| bookcraft | literature | |
| twin | double | |
| foretell | predict | |
| leave | egress, exit, depart | |
| belly | stomach | |
| understand | comprehend | |
| laughable | ridiculous | |
| needs | requirements | |
| behead | decapitate | |
| forbid | prohibit | |
| gift | present | |
| thoughts | ideas | |
| wed | marry | |
| end | finish | |
| room | chamber | |
| stone | rock | |
| groom | brush | |
| hanging | pendant | |
| bodily | corporal | |
| come | arrive | |
| dog | canine | |
| maidenhood | virginity |
Words now obsolete, archaic or dialectal:
| Anglo-Saxon origin words | Old French origin words | notes |
| eld | age | |
| hosen, britches | pants | |
| noble | ||
| , | prince | |
| hour | ||
| burn | broil | |
| use, utility | ||
| , | letter | |
| steven, reard | voice | |
| barrow | mountain | |
| frith | peace | |
| ruth | pity | |
| arm, wantsome | poor | |
| poverty | ||
| firen | crime | |
| eam | uncle |