List of Turkic dynasties and countries


The following is a list of dynasties, states or empires which are Turkic-speaking, of Turkic origins, or both. There are currently six recognized Turkic sovereign states. Additionally, there are six federal subjects of Russia in which a Turkic language is a majority, and five where Turkic languages are the minority, and also Crimea, a disputed territory between Ukraine and Russia where Turkic languages are the minority. There have been numerous Turkic confederations, dynasties, and empires throughout history across Eurasia.

Contemporary entities with at least one Turkic language recognized as official

Current independent states

Partially recognized state

only by Turkey.
NameYears
Northern Cyprus198367.54% Turkish Cypriots, 32.45% Turkish

Federal subjects (Republics) of Russia

Name
Bashkortostan2010 – 29.5% Bashkirs, 25.4% Tatars, 2.7% Chuvash
Chuvashia2010 – 67.7% Chuvash, 2.8% Tatars
Karachay-Cherkessia2010 – 41.0% Karachays, 3.3% Nogais
Tatarstan2010 – 53.2% Tatars, 3.1% Chuvash
Tuva2010 – 82% Tuvans, 0.4% Khakas
Sakha Republic2010 – 49.9% Yakuts, 0.2% Dolgans, 0.9% Tatars

Autonomous regions

Historical Turkic confederations, dynasties, and states

Tribal confederations

Tiele peopleDinglingCumansBasmylChigilsAlatKutrigurs
OnogursSir-KıvchakToquz OghuzKipchaksKankalisYagmaYenisei Kyrgyz
OghuzSabirsBulgarsShatuoNushibiDuoluXueyantuo
TuobaBulaqsSaragursYabakuKarluksChorni KlobukyBerendei

Royal clans

Europe

Middle East and North Africa

Maghreb region

Indian subcontinent

Sinicized Turkic dynasties

The Shatuo Turks founded several sinicized dynasties in northern China during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. The official language of these dynasties was Chinese and they used Chinese titles and names.
NameNotesYearsCapitalMap
Great YanGeneral An Lushan rebelled against Tang Dynasty756–763Luoyang 756–757, Yecheng 757–759, Fanyang 759, Luoyang 759–762
Later Tang923–936Daming County 923, Luoyang 923–936
Later JinThe Later Jin founder, Shi Jingtang, claimed patrilineal Han Chinese ancestry.936–947Taiyuan 936, Luoyang 937, Kaifeng 937–947
Later HanSources conflict as to the origin of the Later Han and Northern Han Emperors; some indicate Shatuo ancestry while another claims that the Emperors claimed patrilineal Han Chinese ancestry.947–951Kaifeng
Northern HanSame family as Later Han. Sources conflict as to the origin of the Later Han and Northern Han Emperors; some indicate Shatuo ancestry while another claims that the Emperors claimed patrilineal Han Chinese ancestry.951–979Taiyuan

Turko-Persian states

The Turko-Persian tradition was an Islamic tradition of the interpretation of literary forms, practiced and patronized by Turkic rulers and speakers. Many Turko-Persian states were founded in modern-day Eastern Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
NameYearsCapitalMap
Ghaznavid EmpireRuled by a thoroughly Persianized family of Turkic mamluk origin962–1186Ghazna 977–1163, Lahore 1163–1186
Seljuk EmpireRuled by Qiniq branch of Oghuz Turks.1037–1194Nishapur 1037–1043, Rey, Iran 1043–1051, Isfahan 1051–1118, Hamadan Western capital 1118–1194, Merv Eastern capital
Kerman Seljuk Sultanate1041–1187Kerman
Sultanate of RûmPersianized Oghuz Turkic dynasty1077–1307İznik, Iconium
Khwarazmian dynastyRuled by a family of Turkic mamluk origin.1077–1231/1256Gurganj 1077–1212, Samarkand 1212–1220, Ghazna 1220–1221, Tabriz 1225–1231
Aq QoyunluAq Qoyunlu was an tribal federation from Bayandur clan of the Oghuz Turks1378–1501Diyarbakır 1453–1471, Tabriz 1468 – January 6, 1478

Turco-Mongol states

is a term describing the synthesis of Mongol and Turkic cultures by several states of Mongol origin throughout Eurasia. These states adopted Turkic languages, either among the populace or among the elite, and converted to Islam, but retained Mongol political and legal institutions.
NameYearsCapitalNotesMap
Chagatai Khanate1225–1340sAlmaliq, Qarshi
Golden Horde1240s–1502Sarai BatuFounded as an appanage of the Mongol Empire, the Golden Horde gradually became Turkicized after the Empire's fragmentation
Sufids1361–1379
Timurid Empire1370–1506Samarkand 1370–1505, Herat 1505–1507Belonging to Barlas were a Mongol and later Turkicized nomadic confederation in Central Asia.
Shaybanid Khanate1428–1599Semerkand
Kazan Khanate1438–1552Kazan
Crimean Khanate1441–1783BakhchisarayCrimean Khanate was established by Hacı I Giray, a descendant of Toqa Temür, thirteenth son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan.
Nogai Khanate1440s–1634Saray-JükFounded by Nogay Khan, a direct descendant of Genghis Khan through Jochi, formed an army of the Manghits joined by numerous Turkic tribes. A century later the Nogays were led by Edigu, a commander of Manghit paternal origin and Jochid maternal origin.
Kazakh Khanate1456–1847TurkistanFounded by Kerei Khan and Janibek Khan, descendants of the thirteenth son of Jochi, Toqa Timur.
Great Horde1466–1502Sarai
Astrakhan Khanate1466–1556Xacitarxan
Siberia Khanate1490–1598Tyumen until 1493, Qashliq from 1493
Khanate of Bukhara1500–1785Bukhara
Khanate of KhivaYadigarids: 1511–1804 Qungrats 1804–1920Khiva
Yarkent Khanate1514–1705Yarkent
Arghun dynasty1520–1554Bukkur
Lesser Nogai Horde1449 or 1557–1783Voli Sarai
Budzhak Horde17th century–18th century
Khanate of Kokand1709–1876Kokand
Emirate of Bukhara1785–1920Bukhara

Vassal khanates

The following list is only of vassal khanates of Turkic origin, which were ruled by of another descent peoples.
NameNotesYearsCapitalMap
Qasim KhanateTurco-Mongol state1452–1681Kasimov
Kumul KhanateTurco-Mongol state1696–1930Hami City

Former Provisional Governments and Republics

Soviet Republics

Autonomous Soviet Republics

Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union