List of countries by date of transition to republican system of government
This is a list of countries by date of their last transition from a monarchy to a republican form of government. There were two periods in recent history when many such transitions took place:
- during or within five years after World War I - marked in green;
- during or within five years after World War II - marked in pink.
List
;Legend:| Country | Date of Transition | Remarks |
| Netherlands | The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands declared its independence from King Philip II of Spain on 26 July 1581 with the Act of Abjuration, and became the Batavian Republic in 1795. The Kingdom of Holland was formed on 5 June 1806. | |
| Switzerland | Switzerland became independent from the Holy Roman Empire by the Treaty of Westphalia | |
| England | The Commonwealth of England, later known as the Protectorate, was on 19 May 1649 following the execution of King Charles I. At its height, it ruled over all the British Isles. The monarchy was restored on 29 May 1660. | |
| United States | Went de facto independent from Great Britain with adoption of the United States Declaration of Independence | |
| Paraguay | Independence from Spain | |
| Argentina | Independence won from the Spanish Empire. Republican governments established from 1811 onwards. Republican constitutions of 1819 and 1826 led to the adoption of the 1853 text | |
| Chile | Independence declared from the Spanish Empire. Between 1810 and 1814 there were Republican governments although nominally remained loyal to the Spanish monarchy. In 1817 there was re-established the independentist government and established a republican system in different constitutional texts. | |
| Venezuela | Venezuelan constitution of 1819 adopted | |
| Colombia | Republic of Colombia declared during Congress of Angostura | |
| Panama | Republic of Colombia declared during Congress of Angostura | |
| Ecuador | Incorporated into Republic of Colombia, end of Royal Audiencia of Quito | |
| Costa Rica | Independence of United Provinces of Central America | |
| El Salvador | Independence of United Provinces of Central America | |
| Guatemala | Independence of United Provinces of Central America | |
| Honduras | Independence of United Provinces of Central America | |
| Nicaragua | Independence of United Provinces of Central America | |
| Peru | Treaty signed after Battle of Ayacucho | |
| Bolivia | Constitutional congress declared Bolivia a republic | |
| Uruguay | Ratification of Treaty of Montevideo | |
| Liberia | Independent Republic of Liberia created | |
| Haiti | Abdication of Emperor Faustin | |
| Dominican Republic | Adoption of new constitution near end of Dominican Restoration War | |
| Mexico | Emperor Maxmilian executed; Federal Republic officially restored | |
| France | Emperor Napoleon III deposed and French Third Republic proclaimed as a result of the Franco-Prussian War | |
| Brazil | Emperor Pedro II deposed and Brazilian Republic proclaimed by Marshall Deodoro da Fonseca | |
| Madagascar | End of Merina Kingdom | |
| Philippines | First Philippine Republic. | |
| Cuba | Official end of Spanish–American War | |
| Portugal | King Manuel II deposed and Portuguese First Republic proclaimed as a result of the 1910 revolution | |
| Angola | Republican government instituted when Portuguese mother country became a republic | |
| Cape Verde | Republican government instituted when Portuguese mother country became a republic | |
| East Timor | Republican government instituted when Portuguese mother country became a republic | |
| Guinea-Bissau | Republican government instituted when Portuguese mother country became a republic | |
| Mozambique | Republican government instituted when Portuguese mother country became a republic | |
| São Tomé and Príncipe | Republican government instituted when Portuguese mother country became a republic | |
| China | Republic of China proclaimed as a result of the Xinhai Revolution. The ROC was initially in control of China but later relocated to Taiwan. It is now commonly known as "Taiwan". The People's Republic of China was proclaimed on 1 October 1949 and is now in control of mainland China. It is commonly known as "China". | |
| Comoros | End of last of indigenous sultanates | |
| Armenia | Emperor Nicholas II of Russia abdicated as a result of the February Revolution and Russia was proclaimed a republic | |
| Azerbaijan | Emperor Nicholas II of Russia abdicated as a result of the February Revolution and Russia was proclaimed a republic | |
| Belarus | Emperor Nicholas II of Russia abdicated as a result of the February Revolution and Russia was proclaimed a republic | |
| Estonia | Emperor Nicholas II of Russia abdicated as a result of the February Revolution and Russia was proclaimed a republic | |
| Georgia | Emperor Nicholas II of Russia abdicated as a result of the February Revolution and Russia was proclaimed a republic | |
| Kazakhstan | Emperor Nicholas II of Russia abdicated as a result of the February Revolution and Russia was proclaimed a republic | |
| Kyrgyzstan | Emperor Nicholas II of Russia abdicated as a result of the February Revolution and Russia was proclaimed a republic | |
| Latvia | Emperor Nicholas II of Russia abdicated as a result of the February Revolution and Russia was proclaimed a republic | |
| Russia | Emperor Nicholas II of Russia abdicated as a result of the February Revolution and Russia was proclaimed a republic | |
| Ukraine | Emperor Nicholas II of Russia abdicated as a result of the February Revolution and Russia was proclaimed a republic | |
| Czech Republic | Czechoslovak Republic proclaimed | |
| Slovakia | Czechoslovak Republic proclaimed | |
| Lithuania | King Mindaugas II deposed and Republic of Lithuania proclaimed | |
| Germany | Emperor William II abdicated as a result of the German Revolution | |
| Austria | Republic of German Austria proclaimed following the dethronement of Emperor Charles | |
| Poland | Power transferred from the Regency Council to Chief of State Józef Piłsudski | |
| Finland | King Frederic Charles renounced the throne | |
| Turkmenistan | Khan Sayid Abdullah deposed and Khorezm People's Soviet Republic proclaimed | |
| Lebanon | French Mandate of Syria established after the Battle of Maysalun | |
| Syria | ||
| Tajikistan | Emir Mohammed Alim Khan deposed and Bukharan People's Republic proclaimed | |
| Uzbekistan | Emir Mohammed Alim Khan deposed and Bukharan People's Republic proclaimed | |
| Togo | Formal beginning of French Togoland League of Nations Mandate | |
| Turkey | Republic of Turkey was proclaimed after the Turkish War of Independence, succeeding the Ottoman Empire | |
| Mongolia | Mongolian People's Republic proclaimed | |
| Spain | The Second Spanish Republic came to power on 14 April 1931 following the economic crisis caused by the 1929 Wall Street Crash. The Republic lost power after the Spanish Civil War. Francisco Franco then led Spain until his death on 20 November 1975 when democracy was restored. | |
| Moldova | Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic proclaimed following the annexation of Romanian Moldavia by the Soviet Union | |
| Iceland | Republic of Iceland established after a referendum | |
| North Korea | Korea liberated from Japan and the People's Republic of Korea established, divided into North Korea and South Korea a month later. | |
| South Korea | Korea liberated from Japan and the People's Republic of Korea established, divided into North Korea and South Korea a month later. | |
| Indonesia | Republic of Indonesia's proclamation of independence triggering the Indonesian National Revolution | |
| Vietnam | Emperor Bảo Đại abdicated and Democratic Republic of Vietnam was proclaimed | |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia proclaimed while King Peter II was in exile | |
| Croatia | Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia proclaimed while King Peter II was in exile | |
| Macedonia | Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia proclaimed while King Peter II was in exile | |
| Montenegro | Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia proclaimed while King Peter II was in exile | |
| Serbia | Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia proclaimed while King Peter II was in exile | |
| Slovenia | Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia proclaimed while King Peter II was in exile | |
| Albania | People's Republic of Albania proclaimed while King Zog was in exile | |
| Hungary | Second Hungarian Republic proclaimed | |
| Italy | King Umberto II renounced the throne and Italian Republic was established after a referendum | |
| Bulgaria | Tsar Simeon II deposed and People's Republic of Bulgaria proclaimed after a referendum | |
| Marshall Islands | end of South Pacific Mandate and beginning of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands | |
| Federated States of Micronesia | end of South Pacific Mandate and beginning of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands | |
| Palau | end of South Pacific Mandate and beginning of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands | |
| Romania | King Michael abdicated and the People's Republic of Romania was proclaimed | |
| Myanmar | Burmese independence declared | |
| Israel | State of Israel proclaimed | |
| Ireland | Republic of Ireland Act came into force | |
| India | Constitution of India came into effect | |
| Egypt | Republic proclaimed after revolution in 1952 | |
| South Sudan | Independence of Republic of Sudan | |
| Sudan | Independence of Republic of Sudan | |
| Pakistan | Constitution of Pakistan came into effect and Governor General Iskander Mirza became President. Three coups in 1958 Pakistani coup d'état, 1977 and in 1999 respectively before restoration of civil electorate in 2008. | |
| Tunisia | King Muhammad VIII al-Amin deposed | |
| Iraq | Faisal II deposed/killed in 14 July Revolution | |
| Somalia | Independence of State of Somaliland, which was united with the Trust Territory of Somalia on July 1 to form the Somali Republic | |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | Gained independence as a republic | |
| Ghana | Constitutional change after referendum on April 27 | |
| Cyprus | Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus adopted | |
| South Africa | Republican constitution adopted | |
| Cameroon | End of British Trusteeship in Southern Cameroons, union with rest of Cameroon | |
| Rwanda | Independence as a republic following monarchy referendum in 1961 | |
| Yemen | King Muhammad al-Badr deposed and Yemen Arab Republic proclaimed | |
| Tanganyika | Republican constitution adopted | |
| Nigeria | Constitutional amendment | |
| Uganda | Constitutional amendment | |
| Zanzibar | Sultanate overthrown in Zanzibar Revolution | |
| Zambia | Gained independence as a republic | |
| Kenya | Republican constitution adopted | |
| Singapore | Ousted from the Federation of Malaysia | |
| Malawi | Republican constitution adopted | |
| Botswana | Gained independence as a republic | |
| Burundi | Republic declared after army coup d'état | |
| South Yemen | Independence of People's Republic of South Yemen | |
| Nauru | Gained independence as a republic | |
| Equatorial Guinea | Gained independence as a republic | |
| Maldives | Sultan Muhammad Fareed Didi deposed and Maldivian Second Republic established after a referendum | |
| Libya | King Idris I deposed by Muammar Gaddafi's coup d'état | |
| Guyana | Co-operative Republic of Guyana proclaimed | |
| Cambodia | The Khmer Republic was declared in 1970 when Prince Norodom Sihanouk was deposed. The monarchy was restored in 1993. | |
| The Gambia | Republic proclaimed following constitutional referendum | |
| Sierra Leone | Republican constitution adopted | |
| Sri Lanka | Sri Lankan constitution adopted | |
| Bangladesh | Constitution came into effect after an year of formation of state in 1972. Three coups followed in 1975 and 1982. | |
| Afghanistan | King Mohammed Zahir Shah abdicated after Mohammed Daoud Khan's coup d'état | |
| Greece | Final abolition of monarchy; referendum | |
| Malta | Republic of Malta proclaimed | |
| Eritrea | Monarchy of Ethiopian Empire finally abolished | |
| Ethiopia | Monarchy of Ethiopian Empire finally abolished | |
| Suriname | Gained independence as a republic | |
| Laos | King Savang Vatthana abdicated as a result of a communist revolution | |
| Seychelles | Gained independence as a republic | |
| Trinidad and Tobago | Republican constitution adopted | |
| Dominica | Gained independence as a republic | |
| Iran | Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi deposed and Islamic Republic of Iran proclaimed as a result of the Iranian Revolution | |
| Kiribati | Gained independence as a republic | |
| Central African Republic | Emperor Bokassa I deposed in a coup d'état | |
| Zimbabwe | Full independence of Zimbabwe | |
| Fiji | Fiji Republic proclaimed as a result of the coup d'état of Sitiveni Rabuka | |
| Mauritius | Republic of Mauritius proclaimed as a result of constitutional changes | |
| Samoa | Upon the death of Malietoa Tanumafili II, Samoa changed to a parliamentary republic. | |
| Nepal | Abolition of monarchy |