List of fossil primates of South America fossil primates South America Caribbean . Presently, 78 species of New World monkeys have been registered in South America. Around the middle of the Cenozoic, approximately 34 million years ago , two types of mammals appeared for the first time in South America: rodents and primates. Both of these groups had already been inhabiting other continents for millions of years and they simply arrived in South America rather than originated there. Analyses of evolutionary relationships have shown that their closest relatives were living in Africa at the time. Therefore, the most likely explanation is that they somehow crossed the Atlantic Ocean, which was less wide than today, landed in South America, and founded new populations of rodents and primates.South American primates gave rise to an impressive evolutionary radiation: more than 120 species in five families. These primates are known as platyrrhine primates and are closely related to Old World apes and monkeys . Platyrrhines include some of the most popular and acrobatic monkeys such as spider monkeys and capuchins, both of which have grasping tails that can be used as a fifth limb. Platyrrhines also include a wide variety of colorful tamarins and marmosets . The platyrrhine primate fossil record is relatively sparse, quite unlike that of caviomorph rodents.New World monkey is Perupithecus ucayaliensisbody mass for the various fossil primate species. However, the Ucayalipithecus who might have rafted across the Atlantic between ~35–32 million years ago , are nested within the Parapithecoidea from the Eocene of Afro-Arabia.Note: some authors, among others Fossilworks , consider Killikaike synonymous with Homunculus and Szalatavus with Branisella , while other researchers consider the genera as different.Panamanian and Caribbean fossil primates have been included for completeness.Age Formation Country Family Subfamily Genus Speciestype Estimatedmass Notes Divisaderan Yahuarango Fm. incertae sedis incertae sedis Perupithecus P. ucayaliensis Deseadan Chambira Fm. incertae sedis incertae sedis Canaanimico C. amazonensis Deseadan Salla Fm. incertae sedis incertae sedis Branisella B. boliviana Deseadan Salla Fm. incertae sedis incertae sedis Szalatavus S. attricuspis Hemingfordian Lagunitas Fm. Pitheciidae Callicebinae Paralouatta P. marianae 4,708 g Hemingfordian Las Cascadas Fm.Cebidae Cebinae Panamacebus P. transitus Colhuehuapian Sarmiento Fm. Cebidae Cebinae Dolichocebus D. gaimanensis Colhuehuapian Sarmiento Fm. Pitheciidae Aotinae Tremacebus T. harringtoni Colhuehuapian Sarmiento Fm. Pitheciidae Pitheciinae Mazzonicebus M. almendrae Colhuehuapian Abanico Fm. incertae sedis incertae sedis Chilecebus C. carrascoensis Santacrucian Santa Cruz Fm.Cebidae Cebinae Killikaike K. blakei Santacrucian Santa Cruz Fm. Pitheciidae Homunculinae Homunculus H. patagonicus Santacrucian Pinturas Fm. Pitheciidae Homunculinae Carlocebus C. carmenensis Santacrucian Pinturas Fm. Pitheciidae Homunculinae Carlocebus C. intermedius Santacrucian Pinturas Fm. Pitheciidae Pitheciinae Soriacebus S. adrianae Santacrucian Pinturas Fm. Pitheciidae Pitheciinae Soriacebus S. ameghinorum Friasian Collón Cura Fm. Pitheciidae Pitheciinae Proteropithecia P. neuquenensis Laventan Honda Gp. Atelidae Alouattinae Stirtonia S. tatacoensis Laventan Honda Gp. Atelidae Alouattinae Stirtonia S. victoriae Laventan Honda Gp. Cebidae Cebinae Saimiri S. annectens Laventan Honda Gp. Cebidae Cebinae Saimiri S. fieldsi Laventan Honda Gp. Cebidae Cebinae Patasola P. magdalenae Laventan Honda Gp. Cebidae Callitrichinae Lagonimico L. conclucatus Laventan Honda Gp. Cebidae Callitrichinae Micodon M. kyotensis Laventan Honda Gp. Pitheciidae Aotinae Aotus A. dindensis Laventan Honda Gp. Pitheciidae Homunculinae Miocallicebus M. villaviejai Laventan Honda Gp. Pitheciidae Pitheciinae Cebupithecia C. sarmientoi Laventan Honda Gp. Pitheciidae Pitheciinae Nuciruptor N. rubricae Laventan Honda Gp. incertae sedis incertae sedis Mohanamico M. hershkovitzi Huayquerian Solimões Fm. Atelidae Alouattinae Solimoea S. acrensis Huayquerian Solimões Fm. Cebidae Cebinae Acrecebus A. fraileyi Pleistocene Cueva del Mono Pitheciidae Callicebinae Paralouatta P. varonai Pleistocene Atelidae Alouattinae Cartelles C. coimbrafilhoi Pleistocene Atelidae Alouattinae Caipora C. bambuiorum Pleistocene Atelidae Alouattinae Protopithecus P. bonaeriensis Pleistocene Atelidae Alouattinae Protopithecus P. brasiliensis Pleistocene Atelidae Alouattinae Alouatta A. mauroi Holocene La Jeringa Cave Pitheciidae Callicebinae Antillothrix A. bernensis Holocene Long Mile Cave Pitheciidae Callicebinae Xenothrix X. mcgregori Holocene Trouing Jérémie Aotidae Aotini Insulacebus I. toussentiana
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