List of governments in exile during World War II

Allied-aligned wartime governments

Name	Location	Date of establishment in exile	Date of dissolution or return	State controlling its claimed territory	Leaders	Notes
Belgian government in exile	Bordeaux, then London	October 1940	September 1944		Prime Minister Hubert Pierlot	Belgium's King Leopold III surrendered alongside his army – contrary to the advice of his government – and remained a prisoner for the rest of the war. The government in exile, without the king, continued to administer the Belgian Congo and coordinate the Free Belgian Forces and Belgian Resistance.
Czechoslovak government-in-exile	Paris, then London	October 1939	April 1945	, Slovak Republic		After the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, former President Beneš organized a committee in exile and sought diplomatic recognition as the legitimate government of the First Czechoslovak Republic. The committee's success in obtaining intelligence and coordinating actions by the Czechoslovak resistance led first Britain and then the other Allies to recognize it in 1941.
Danish Freedom Council	London	September 1943	May 1945	Occupation government of Denmark	, Mogens Fog, Arne Sørensen, Frode Jakobsen, Erling Foss	During the Occupation of Denmark the country did not establish a government in exile. King Christian and his government remained in Denmark and operated with relative independence until August 1943 when it was dissolved. The Freedom Council was an unrecognized group that coordinated the Danish resistance movement. In addition, from 1941 Ambassador Henrik Kauffmann engaged in diplomacy with the Allies on Denmark's behalf without regard for the occupation government in Copenhagen.
Free France	London, Brazzaville, and Algiers	18 June 1940	25 August 1944	, ,	Charles de Gaulle, Henri Giraud, French Committee of National Liberation	De Gaulle called for resistance in France and its colonies in the Appeal of 18 June. The government organized the French Resistance, gathered military forces, and gradually took control of French colonies around the world. In 1944 it became the Provisional Government of the French Republic.
Greek government-in-exile	Cairo and London	24 May 1941	17 October 1944	, ,		The exiled royal government was recognized internationally and by the Greek Resistance early in the war. It heavily depended on Britain. In 1944, leftist resistance groups set up Free Greece as a rival government. These governments agreed to merge at the Lebanon Conference.
Luxembourg government-in-exile	Paris, Lisbon, then London	1940	1944			Grand Duchess Charlotte and the grand ducal family moved to Montreal.
Dutch government-in-exile	London	10 May 1940	5 May 1945			Besides giving support to the Dutch resistance, the government in exile attempted to maintain Allied control of the Netherlands' colonies around the world. It agreed to place the Dutch Caribbean and Guiana under British and American protection, but lost the East Indies to Japanese occupation.
Dutch East Indies	Brisbane		1 October 1945		Acting Governor-General Hubertus van Mook	In 1944 the government in exile and the Allied high command organized the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration, which was tasked with restoring Dutch rule in the islands.
Norwegian government-in-exile	London	7 June 1940	31 May 1945			Governed the Free Norwegian forces throughout the war.
Government in exile of the Commonwealth of the Philippines	Melbourne, then Washington, D.C.	January 1942	October 1944	,	President:	Moving from Melbourne to Washington in 1944, the Quezon government participated in the Pacific War Council alongside other Allied powers. The Philippine Commonwealth Army re-took the islands alongside American forces.
Polish government-in-exile	Paris, then Angers, then London	September 1939	December 1990	,		The government organized the Polish Armed Forces in the West and coordinated the Polish Underground State and Home Army. It remained active in exile after the war when the Polish People's Republic took power in Poland.
Free Thai Movement	Washington, D.C.	1942	1945	Phibun-era Thailand,	Seni Pramoj	Seni, the Thai ambassador in Washington, refused to deliver his country's declaration of war to the United States government. He organized the Free Thai Movement with American assistance, recruiting Thai students in the United States for underground resistance activities.
Yugoslav government-in-exile	London	21 June 1941	March 1945	, Kingdom of Italy, Kingdom of Bulgaria, Kingdom of Hungary, Independent State of Croatia		The royalist government supported the Chetniks in their resistance to Axis occupation, but the anti-royalist Communist-led Yugoslav Partisans gained strength over the course of the war. In the Tito–Šubašić Agreements of June 1944, the Partisans and the government in exile agreed to merge their governments. Tito was victorious after the end of the occupation, and the monarchy was not restored.

Axis-aligned wartime governments

Name	Location	Date of establishment in exile	Date of dissolution or return	State controlling its claimed territory	Leaders	Notes
Bulgarian national government-in-exile	Vienna, then Altaussee	16 September 1944	10 May 1945	Kingdom of Bulgaria	Prime Minister Aleksandar Tsankov	Formed after the 1944 Bulgarian coup d'état brought socialists to power in Bulgaria, the government raised the 1st Bulgarian Regiment of the SS.
	Sigmaringen	7 September 1944	23 April 1945	Provisional Government of the French Republic	President Fernand de Brinon	Members of the collaborationist French cabinet at Vichy were relocated by the Germans to the Sigmaringen enclave in Germany, where they became a government-in-exile until April 1945. They were given formal governmental power over the city of Sigmaringen, and the three Axis governments – Germany, Italy and Japan – established there what were officially their Embassies to France. Pétain having refused to take part in this, it was headed by de Brinon.
Hungarian Government of National Unity	Vienna and Munich	28/29 March 1945	7 May 1945		Leader of the Nation Ferenc Szálasi	The Szálasi government fled in the face of the Soviet advance through Hungary. Most of its leaders were arrested in the following months.
Provisional Government of Free India	Singapore, Rangoon, and Port Blair	21 October 1943	18 August 1945	British Raj	Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose	Azad Hind was established as a provisional government of India that would fight for independence from the British Raj. The government was given control of Japanese-occupied territory in far eastern India and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. It issued currency notes and established bilateral relationships with anti-British countries. Its military was Azad Hind Fauj, or the Indian National Army.
Montenegrin State Council	Zagreb	Summer of 1944	8 May 1945		Head of the State Council Sekula Drljević	After the Germans withdrew from Montenegro, the fascist leader Sekula Drljević created a government-in-exile in the Independent State of Croatia. Drljević created the Montenegrin National Army, a military force set up by him and the Croatian fascist leader Ante Pavelić. However, his government was dissolved after the fall of the NDH.
	Nara and Tokyo	11 June 1945	17 August 1945		President Jose P. Laurel	After the Allied forces liberated the Philippines from Japanese occupiers and reestablished the Philippine Commonwealth in the archipelago, the Second Philippine Republic went into exile in Japan from June 11, 1945.
Romania	Vienna	August 1944	8 May 1945	Kingdom of Romania	Prime Minister Horia Sima	Germany had imprisoned Horia Sima and other members of the Iron Guard following the Legionnaires' rebellion of 1941. In 1944, King Michael's Coup brought a pro-Allied government to power in Romania. In response Germany released Sima to establish a pro-Axis government in exile.
Slovak Republic	Kremsmünster, Austria	4 April 1945	8 May 1945		President Jozef Tiso	The government of the Slovak Republic went into exile on 4 April 1945 when the Red Army captured Bratislava and occupied Slovakia. The exiled government capitulated to the American General Walton Walker on 8 May 1945 in the Austrian town of Kremsmünster. In summer 1945, the captured members of the government were handed over to Czechoslovak authorities.

Governments of the Baltic States

Name	Location	Date of establishment in exile	Date of dissolution or return	State controlling its claimed territory	Leaders	Notes
Estonian government-in-exile	Stockholm	1944, 1953	1992		President:	In September 1944, between the retreat of German forces and the advance of the Red Army, acting President Uluots appointed Tief as Prime Minister and asked him to form a government. On 22 September the government fled as the Soviets invaded. When Uluots died, August Rei became acting head of state. Rei was supported by the surviving members of the Tief government in Sweden. He declared an official government in exile in 1953 in Oslo.
Latvian diplomatic service in exile	London	1940	1991		Kārlis Reinholds Zariņš	One month before the Soviet occupation, Latvia's Cabinet of Ministers gave Zariņš, Ambassador to the United Kingdom, the power to supervise Latvia's foreign representations. This created a basis for a diplomatic service in the absence of an independent government in Latvia. The exiled diplomatic service continued after Latvia was annexed.
Supreme Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania	Reutlingen	1944	1992		Chairman Steponas Kairys	VLIK was established to be an underground government during the German occupation of Lithuania. In 1944, when the Soviets advanced during the Baltic Offensive, most VLIK members fled to Germany. The committee tried to position itself as a Lithuanian government in exile, but it was never recognized by any foreign country. In 1955 it moved to New York City.

Governments already in exile at the start of the war

Name	Location	Date of establishment in exile	Date of dissolution or return	State controlling its claimed territory	Leaders	Notes
	London, then South Ascot and Parmoor	April 1939	2 January 1946	Albanian Kingdom,	King Zog	King Zog and his family fled following the Italian invasion of Albania. The Albanian parliament voted to unite the country with Italy, giving the crown to Victor Emmanuel III. The Allies saw Zog as corrupt and unreliable and refused him recognition or cooperation. Zog's hopes of returning were dashed when the Albanian Partisans set up a communist government. He formally abdicated in 1946.
Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic	Prague, Paris	1920	Extant today		President:	The oldest current government in exile, now based in Toronto. The Rada opposed the Belarusian Central Council, a body that collaborated with the German occupation.
	Bath, England	2 May 1936	18 January 1941			The Emperor coordinated with the Allies in the East African Campaign. He returned to Ethiopia in 1941 alongside British forces.
Government of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in Exile	Leuville-sur-Orge, France	18 March 1921	5 June 1954	Soviet Union	President Noe Zhordania	Formed after the Soviet invasion of Georgia of 1921
	Shanghai, later Chongqing	13 April 1919	15 August 1948	Korea under Japanese rule	President:	The KPG formed the Korean Liberation Army in 1940, which fought in the Asia-Pacific Theatre of the war. After Japan's defeat and a period of American occupation, the KPG's first President Syngman Rhee became the first president of the First Republic of South Korea.
Sublime State of Persia	Geneva	1925	Extant today	Imperial State of Iran	Shah Fereydoun Mirza Qajar	The Qajar dynasty went into exile in 1923. They continue to claim the Iranian throne. During the war, Fereydoun Qajar's cousin and heir Hamid Mirza served in the British Royal Navy aboard HMS Duke of York and HMS Wild Goose.
Spanish Republican government in exile	Paris, then Mexico City	4 April 1939	1 July 1977		President:	Created after Francisco Franco's coup d'état, the exiled government was first based in Paris but moved to Mexico City at the time of the fall of France. The Allies largely ignored it to avoid provoking Franco into joining the Axis. After the war, the government returned to Paris and operated until Franco's death and the Spanish transition to democracy.
Ukrainian People's Republic	Warsaw	12 November 1920	22 August 1992		Director Andriy Livytskyi	The government was organized after the Soviet occupation of Ukraine during the Russian Civil War. During the German occupation of Poland, Livytski collaborated with the Nazi occupation, helping to organize units of soldiers.