List of historical separatist movements

Africa

Algeria

• Political party: Algerian National Movement
• Rebel organization: Front de Libération Nationale
• Parallel government: Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic

  Angola

• Political party: Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola, National Union for the Total Independence of Angola, National Front for the Liberation of Angola
• Parallel government: Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile

  Botswana

• Political party: Botswana Democratic Party, Botswana People's Party

  Burundi

• Political party: Union for National Progress

  Cameroon

• Political party: Rassemblement camerounais, Union of the Peoples of Cameroon
• Rebel organizations: National Liberation Army of Kamerun

  Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau

• Political party: African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde, Struggle Front for the National Independence of Guinea

  Central African Republic

• Political party: Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa

  Democratic Republic of the Congo

• Political party: Mouvement National Congolais, ABAKO

  Côte d'Ivoire

• Rebel organization: Patriotic Movement of Côte d'Ivoire

  Egypt

• Political party: Wafd Party

  Eritrea

• Rebel organization: Eritrean Liberation Front, Eritrean People's Liberation Front

  France

• Réunion

  Ghana

• Political party: Convention People's Party, United Gold Coast Convention
• Self-government experiment: Fante Confederation

  Katanga

• Political party: Confederation of the Tribal Associations of Katanga

  Kenya

• Political party: East Africa Association, Kenya African National Union, Kikuyu Central Association, Young Kikuyu Association
• Rebel organization: Mau Mau

  Mali

• Political party: Sudanese Union

  Mauritius

• Political party: Mauritius Labour Party, Mauritian Militant Movement

  Morocco

• Political party: Istiqlal Party, National Action Bloc
• Secessionist entity: Rif Republic

  Mozambique

• Political party: Mozambican Liberation Front

  Namibia

• Political party: South-West Africa People's Organisation, South West Africa National Union
• Rebel organizations: People's Liberation Army of Namibia,

  Niger

• Political party: Nigerien Progressive Party, Sawaba

  Nigeria

• Political party: Nigerian National Democratic Party, National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons, Action Group, Egbe Omo Oduduwa, Northern People's Congress
• Secessionist entity: Republic of Biafra

  São Tomé and Príncipe

• Political party: Committee for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe, Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe

  Seychelles

• Political party: Seychelles Democratic Party, Seychelles People's United Party

  Sierra Leone

• Political party: Sierra Leone People's Party, West African Youth League

  South Africa

• Secessionist movement: Eastern Cape Separatist League

  Somalia

• Political party: Somali Youth League

  Sudan

• Political party: Democratic Unionist Party, Sudanese Communist Party, Umma Party

  Tanganyika

• Political party: Tanganyika African Association, Tanganyika African National Union

  Tunisia

• Political party: Destour, Young Tunisians, Neo Destour

  Uganda

• Political party: Rwenzururu Secessionist Movement, Uganda People's Congress

  Zambia

• Political party: Northern Rhodesian African National Congress, United National Independence Party, Zambian African National Congress

  Zanzibar

• Political party: Afro-Shirazi Party, Zanzibar Nationalist Party

  Zimbabwe

• Political party: Zimbabwe African National Union, Zimbabwe African People's Union
• Rebel organizations: Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army, Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army

  Asia

Bangladesh

• People: Bengalis
• * Political party: Bangladesh Awami League
• * Rebel organization: Mukti Bahini
• *Status: Resulted in independence of Bangladesh in 1971 after the Bangladesh Liberation War.
• People: Jumma people
• * Political party: Porbotto Chottogram Jonshonghoti Shomiti, or Chittagong Hill Tribal People's Coordination Association
• * Rebel organisation: Shanti Bahini
• * Proposed state: Autonomous Hill Tribes
• * Status: Inactive following the 1996 peace treaty between the Government of Bangladesh and the tribal leaders.
• People: Bengali Hindus, south-western Bangladesh
• * Political party: Swadhin Bangabhumi Andolan
• * Rebel organisation: Banga Sena
• * Proposed State: Bangabhumi

  Burma

• Political party: Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League, Dobama Asiayone, Communist Party of Burma
• Rebel organization: Burma Independence Army

  Cambodia

• Khmer Issarak
• Khmer Rouge
• Khmer Serei

  British India

• Political party: All India Forward Bloc, Hindustan Socialist Republican Association, Indian National Congress, Communist Party of India, Swaraj Party, Ghadar Party
• Parallel government: Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind
• Rebel organization: Indian National Army
• Political party: Muslim League responsible for Pakistan Movement

  India

• People : Tripuri
• Rebel organisation : National Liberation Front of Tripura, All Tripura Tiger Force
• Status : Inactive
• People : Kashmiri people
• Political Party: Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front
• Rebel organisation : Hizbul Mujahideen, Lashkar e toiba

  Indonesia

• Political party: Communist Party of Indonesia, Nationalist Party of Indonesia
• Rebel organization: Free Aceh Movement
• Secessionist entity: Republic of West Papua

  Japan

• Republic of Ezo

  Laos

• Rebel organization: Lao Issara, Pathet Lao

  Malaysia

• Political party: Alliance Party

  Maldives

• Suvadives
• * Proposed state: United Suvadive Republic

  Mongolia

• Political party: Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party

  Oman

• Rebel organizations: Dhofar Liberation Front, Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman, Popular Front for the Liberation of the Occupied Arabian Gulf/Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman and the Arabian Gulf

  Philippines

• Political party: Nacionalista Party
• Society: Katipunan, La Liga Filipina
• Secessionist entities: Katagalugan, First Philippine Republic, Cantonal Republic of Negros, Republic of Zamboanga

  Singapore

• Political party: Labour Front, People's Action Party

  Sri Lanka

• Proposed state: Tamil Eelam
• * Political party: Tamil National Alliance
• * Militant organisation: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
• * Advocacy groups: Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam, Global Tamil Forum
• * Government in exile: Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam

  Syria

• National Bloc

  Vietnam

• Duy Tân Hội
• Indochinese Communist Party
• National Liberation Front of South Vietnam
• Việt Minh
• Việt Nam Cách Mệnh Đồng Minh Hội
• Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội
• Việt Nam Quốc Dân Dảng

  Yemen

• Rebel organization: Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen, National Liberation Front of South Yemen

  Europe

Albania

• League of Prizren

  Belgium

• Political parties
• *Flemish
• **Vlaams Belang, New Flemish Alliance
• **Sociaal-Liberale Partij member of the European Free Alliance

  Bulgaria

• Political party: Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee, Internal Revolutionary Organisation

  Cyprus

• Rebel organizations: EOKA, Turkish Resistance Organisation

  Czech Republic

• Political party: Young Czech Party, Czech National Social Party

  Finland

• Political movement: Fennoman
• Political party: Finnish Party, Young Finnish Party
• * Political movement: Åland movement

  France

• * Political parties: Basque Nationalist Party, Basque Unity
• * Rebel organization: Basque homeland and Freedom
• * Political parties: Corsica Nazione, Partitu di a Nazione Corsa
• * Political parties: Union Démocratique Bretonne, Breton Party
• * Rebel organization: Breton Revolutionary Army, Liberation Front of Brittany
• *Political parties : Alsace d'abord *

  Germany

• Short-lived Republic: Rhenish Republic
• Lower Saxony
• Alemannic Separatism
• Bavarian Soviet Republic

  Greece

• Society: Filiki Eteria
• Unrecognized state: Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece, Peloponnesian Senate, Senate of Western Continental Greece, Provisional Administration of Greece
• Militant organisations: Armatoloi/Klephts, Sacred Band, Hellenic Army, Hellenic Navy

  Ireland

• Home Rule League
• Irish National League
• Irish Parliamentary Party
• Irish Republican Brotherhood
• Provisional Government of the Irish Republic
• Sinn Féin
• Society of United Irishmen
• United Irish League
• Young Ireland

  Italy

• Republic of Macedonia

• Ethnic group: Albanians
• Political parties: Democratic Party of Albanians, Party for Democratic Prosperity
• Goals: Autonomy, independence and/or unification with Republic of Kosovo
• Events: Insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia
• Timespan: 1994–2001

• Ethnic group: Serbs
• Political parties: Democratic Party of Serbs in Macedonia, Radical Party of the Serbs in Macedonia
• Goals: Autonomy
• Timespan: 1992

  Poland

• Narodowa Demokracja
• Towarzystwo Demokratyczne Polskie
• Union of Upper Silesians
• Silesian People's Party
• Association of Defense of Upper Silesians

  Slovakia

• Political party: Slovak National Party

  Soviet Union

• Political parties:
• Azerbaijani Popular Front Party
• Belarusian People's Front
• Rahvarinne
• Popular Front of Latvia, Latvian National Independence Movement
• Sąjūdis
• Moldovan Popular Front
• People's Movement of Ukraine
• Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
• Ukrainian Insurgent Army

  Spain

• Basque Country
• * Political parties: Aralar Party, Basque Nationalist Party, Batasuna, Eusko Abertzale Ekintza, Eusko Alkartasuna, Nafarroa Bai
• * Rebel organizations: Basque homeland and Freedom, SEGI
• * Political parties: Convergence and Union, Republican Left of Catalonia, Catalan State, Popular Unity Candidacy, Democrats of Catalonia, Left Movement, Catalan Solidarity for Independence, Reagrupament, National Front of Catalonia
• * Rebel organizations: Terra Lliure, Exèrcit Popular Català
• * Organizations: Assemblea Nacional Catalana, Òmnium Cultural
• * Labour unions: Intersindical-CSC, Coordinadora Obrera Sindical
• * Political Parties: Galician Nationalist Bloc, Nós-Unidade Popular
• * Political parties: Bloque por Asturies, Unidá Nacionalista Asturiana, Andecha Astur
• * Rebel organization: Andecha Obrera
• * Political party: Congreso Nacional de Canarias, Frepic-Awañak, Unión del Pueblo Canario
• * Organizations: MPAIAC
• * Armed groups: Fuerzas Armadas Guanches

  Turkey

• Political party: Armenian Revolutionary Federation, Social Democrat Hunchakian Party, Armenian Democratic Liberal Party
• Rebel organization: Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia

  United Kingdom (and associated territories)

• : - New Cornish Tertia army, An Gof, Cornish Solidarity
• - Free England Party, English People's Liberation Army
• : Irish Republican Brotherhood, Clan na Gael, Young Ireland, Home Rule League, Irish Socialist Republican Party, Irish Parliamentary Party, All-for-Ireland League, Nationalist Party, Irish Independence Party
• : Fo Halloo, Manx National Party
• Mercia: The Mercia Movement, Sovereign Mercia
• : Cymru Fydd, Cymru Goch, Welsh Socialist Alliance, Welsh Republican Movement
• : Vectis National Party

  Yugoslavia

• Croatia
• Ethnic group: Croats
• Political parties: Croatian Democratic Union, Croatian Party of Rights, Croatian Peasant Party
• Armed organizations: Croatian National Guard
• Events: Croatian Spring, War in Croatia
• Goals: Independence

• Ethnic group: Albanians in Kosovo
• Political parties: Democratic League of Kosovo, Alliance for the Future of Kosovo, Democratic Party of Kosovo, National Movement for the Liberation of Kosovo, The People's Movement for Kosovo
• Armed organizations: Kosovo Liberation Army, Armed Forces of the Republic of Kosovo
• Events: Insurgency in Kosovo, Kosovo War
• Goals: Larger autonomy ; Independence

• Ethnic group: Albanians in south Serbia
• Events: Insurgency in the Preševo Valley
• Goals: Unification with Republic of Kosovo

  North America

Antigua and Barbuda

• Political party: Antigua Labour Party

  Belize

• Political party: People's United Party

  Bahamas

• Abaco
• Progressive Liberal Party

  British West Indies

• Political party: Caribbean League
• Secessionist entity: West Indies Federation

  Canada

Secessionist

• Nova Scotia
• * Political: Anti-Confederation Party
• Ontario
• * Political: Ontario Independence League, Northern Ontario Heritage Party
• Quebec
• * Pressure group: Alliance Laurentienne, Chevaliers de l'Indépendance, Mouvement de Libération Nationale du Québec, Réseau de Résistance du Québécois
• * Political party: Mouvement Souveraineté-Association, Option citoyenne, Parti de la Democratie Socialiste, Parti indépendantiste, Parti nationaliste du Québec, Option nationale, Ralliement National, Rassemblement pour l'Indépendance Nationale, Union des forces progressistes, Parti québécois, Union Populaire, Québec solidaire
• * Rebel organization: Société des Fils de la Liberté, Frères Chasseurs, Comité de libération nationale, Réseaux de résistance, Armée révolutionnaire du Québec, Front de libération du Québec
• Western Canada
• * Political: Unionest Party, Separation Party of Alberta, Alberta Independence Party

  Autonomist

• Acadia
• * Political party: Parti Acadien
• Cape Breton Island
• * Political party: Cape Breton Labour Party
• the Maritimes
• * Political party: the Maritimes
• Ontario
• * Political party: Northern Ontario Heritage Party
• Quebec
• * Political party: Action démocratique du Québec

  Costa Rica

• Political party: Independent Guanacaste Party

  Dominica

• Political party: Dominica Labour Party

  Guyana

• Political party: People's Progressive Party
• Political party: People's National Congress

  Jamaica

• Political party: Jamaica Labour Party, People's National Party

  Haiti

• Cacos

  Mexico

• California Republic
• Chan Santa Cruz
• Republic of Fredonia
• Republic of the Rio Grande
• Republic of Texas
• Republic of Yucatán
• Republic of Baja California
• Republic of Sonora

  Nicaragua

• Ejército Defensor de la Soberanía Nacional

  Panama

• Kuna Revolution

  Trinidad and Tobago

• Political party: People's National Movement
• Political party: Tobago Organisation of the People

  United States

• American Revolution
• Aztlán
• Confederate States of America
• New England's Secession Conventions of 1803, 1808, 1814, and 1843
• Republic of New Afrika
• State of Franklin, secessionist North Carolina western territory
• For historic Texas separatist movements, see Mexico, above.

  Puerto Rico

• Autonomist Party
• Anti-Colonial National Liberation Movement

  South America

Argentina

• Patagonia
• * Proposed state: Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia

  Brazil

• Rio Grande do Sul
• *Political party: Movimento da República Rio-Grandense
• *Proposed state: Riograndense Republic
• Santa Catarina
• *Political party: Frente de Libertação da República Catarinense
• *Proposed state: Juliana Republic
• São Paulo
• *Political party: Movimento República de São Paulo, Movimento São Paulo Independente, Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932, 1924 Paulista Revolt, 1887 Manifest, Acclaim of Amador Bueno.
• *Proposed state: Republic of São Paulo
• Parts of Pernambuco, Paraíba and Ceará
• *Proposed state: Confederation of the Equator

  Chile

• Araucanía
• * Proposed state: Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia

  Colombia

• Antioquia
• * Pressure Group: Political cadres linked to Medellín Cartel
• Caribbean Region
• * Pressure Group: Liga Costeña
• Isthmus Department
• * Political Party: Panamian Liberal Party
• * Proposed State: Republic of Panama
• Pasto Province
• * Rebel organization: Remnants of the Royalist army

  Peru

• Loreto
• * Political party: Liga Loretana

  Spanish America

• Logia Lautaro

  Oceania

Australia

• Fiji

• Political party: Alliance Party

  Kiribati

• Political party: Gilbertese National Party

  New Zealand

• South Island
• * Political parties: South Island Party
• * Pressure group: Southern Separation League
• * Autonomous region: New Munster

  Papua New Guinea

• Political party: Papua Besena
• Regional separatist movements: Highlands Liberation Front, Wahgi Tuale, Wok Meri or Kafaina

  Samoa

• Protest movement: Mau movement

  Solomon Islands

• Protest movement: Maasina Ruru

  Vanuatu

• Political party: Nagriamel, New Hebrides Cultural Association, New Hebrides National Party, Vanua'aku Pati
• Religious movement: John Frum
• Parallel government: People's Provisional Government