List of presidents of Peru
This article contains a list of presidents of the Republic of Peru, from the Declaration of Independence during the War of Independence to the present day.
Background
The first state recognizable as such under current concepts in the Andes was Wari culture, whose system of government has not yet been completely unraveled. Later, between 13th century and 16th century, the Inca Empire was developed, ruled by Sapa Inca and based on the political management of reciprocity and oblivious to all European conceptions of then and now.The modern Peru is heir to the Viceroyalty of Peru. In 1532, the Spanish conquistadors arrived in the territory, imposed their rule and managed to establish a Spanish dependency. This dependence began as governors corresponding to the conquistadors, with the title of Governor. The Governorate of New Toledo under Diego de Almagro – which was never consolidated – had the capital in the city of Cusco, the current historical capital of Peru. The Governorate of New Castile under Francisco Pizarro had Ciudad de los Reyes as its capital, and was merged with the Viceroyalty when it was instituted after the civil wars.
In 1542, the Viceroyalty of Peru was established, whose government was represented by the representative of the King of Spain with the title of Viceroy of Peru. The true organizer of the viceregal state was Francisco de Toledo.
This period had only two stages corresponding to the two Spanish dynasties: the houses of Habsburg and Bourbon, and lasted 282 years since its establishment in 1542 until the Capitulation of Ayacucho in 1824, despite Peru becoming independent in 1821.
The viceroy José Fernando de Abascal was responsible for centralizing Spanish political and military power in Peru. His successors, the last viceroys of Peru were parallel to José de San Martín and his first successors. Joaquín de la Pezuela and José de la Serna faced the liberating armies and the last one signed the capitulation. Finally, Pío Tristán was the interim viceroy in charge of transferring power to the patriots.
The Act of Independence was signed in Lima on 15 August 1821 and shortly thereafter San Martín was entrusted to the government with the title of Protector; later, the legislative power occupied the executive. In 1823 Congress appointed José de la Riva Agüero as the first "President of the Republic" in the history of Peru. Since then, that has been the main denomination that the great majority of the rulers of Peru have held. The first national Constitution of 1823 acknowledges the position and says formally: ""Article 72. Resides exclusively the exercise of the Executive Power in a citizen with the denomination of President of the Republic"".
List
Protectorate of Peru (1821–1822)
The Protectorate of Peru existed from August 3, 1821 until September 20, 1822.Republic of Peru (1822–1836)
The Republic of Peru was declared on July 28, 1821 but it was constituted on September 20, 1822. It existed until August 11, 1836.Peru-Bolivian Confederation (1836–1839)
In 1836, the south of the country declared itself independent by creating the Republic of South Peru, while the north of the country became the Republic of North Peru. The two states confederated with the Republic of Bolivia to form the Peru–Bolivian Confederation on October 28, 1836. Marshal Andrés de Santa Cruz served as the Supreme Protector of the Confederation. Simultaneously, the actual control of each Republic remained in the hands of their respective presidents. The Peru-Bolivian Confederation dissolved on August 25, 1839.Republic of North Peru (1836–1839)
The Republic of North Peru existed from August 11, 1836 until August 25, 1839.Republic of South Peru (1836–1839)
The Republic of South Peru existed from March 17, 1836 until August 25, 1839.Republic of Peru (1839–present)
The Republic of Peru was reestablished on August 25, 1839.Timeline
ImageSize = width:1200 height:auto barincrement:10
PlotArea = top:3 bottom:150 right:130 left:20
AlignBars = late
DateFormat = yyyy
Period = from:1821 till:2018
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:1821
ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:1821
Colors =
id:none value:rgb legend:None
id:military value:rgb legend:Military
id:civilista value:rgb legend:Civilista_Party
id:constitutional value:rgb legend:Constitutional_Party
id:democratic value:rgb legend:Democratic_Party
id:democraticreformist value:rgb legend:Democratic_Reformist_Party
id:revolutionaryunion value:rgb legend:Revolutionary_Union
id:nationaldemocraticfront value:rgb legend:National_Democratic_Front
id:odriist value:rgb legend:Odriíst_National_Union
id:pradist value:rgb legend:Pradist_Democratic_Movement
id:popularaction value:rgb legend:Popular_Action
id:apra value:rgb legend:APRA
id:cambio90 value:rgb legend:Cambio_90
id:sicumple value:rgb legend:Sí_Cumple
id:possibleperu value:rgb legend:Possible_Peru
id:ppk value:rgb legend:Peruvians_for_Change
Legend = columns:4 left:200 top:100 columnwidth:230
TextData =
pos: textcolor:black fontsize:M
text:"Political parties:"
BarData =
bar:JosédeSanMartín
bar:FranciscoXavierdeLunaPizarro
bar:JosédelaMar
bar:FelipeAntonioAlvarado
bar:ManuelSalazaryBaquíjano
bar:JoséBernardodeTagleyPortocarreroMarquisofTorreTagle
bar:JosédelaRivaAgüero
bar:FranciscoValdiviesoyPrada
bar:AntonioJosédeSucre
bar:SimónBolívar
bar:AndrésdeSantaCruz
bar:AntonioGutiérrezdelaFuente
bar:AgustínGamarra
bar:LuisJosédeOrbegoso
bar:ManuelMenéndez
bar:JuanCrisóstomoTorrico
bar:JuanBautistadeLavalleyZugasti
bar:JuanFranciscodeVidal
bar:JustoFiguerola
bar:EleuterioAramburú
bar:JoséRufinoEchenique
bar:JuanAntonioPezet
bar:ManuelIgnaciodeVivanco
bar:DomingoNieto
bar:RamónCastilla
bar:DomingoElías
bar:JoséMiguelMedina
bar:JoséMariaRaygadayGallo
bar:MigueldeSanRományMeza
bar:JuanManueldelMar
bar:PedroDiezCanseco
bar:MarianoIgnacioPrado
bar:LuisLaPuerta
bar:FranciscoDiezCanseco
bar:JoséBalta
bar:TomásGutiérrez
bar:MarianoHerenciaZevallos
bar:ManuelPardo
bar:NicolásdePiérola
bar:FranciscoGarcíaCalderón
bar:LizardoMonteroFlores
bar:MiguelIglesias
bar:AndrésAvelinoCáceres
bar:AntonioArenas
bar:RemigioMoralesBermúdez
bar:JustinianoBorgoño
bar:ManuelCandamo
bar:EduardoLópezdeRomaña
bar:SerapioCalderón
bar:JoséPardoyBarreda
bar:AugustoB.Leguía
bar:GuillermoBillinghurst
bar:ÓscarR.Benavides
bar:ManuelMaríaPonceBrousset
bar:LuisMiguelSánchezCerro
bar:MarianoHolguínMaldonado
bar:RicardoLeoncioElíasArias
bar:GustavoJiménez
bar:DavidSamanezOcampo
bar:ManuelPradoyUgarteche
bar:JoséLuisBustamanteyRivero
bar:ManuelA.Odría
bar:ZenónNoriegaAgüero
bar:RicardoPérezGodoy
bar:NicolásLindleyLópez
bar:FernandoBelaúndeTerry
bar:JuanVelascoAlvarado
bar:FranciscoMoralesBermúdez
bar:AlanGarcía
bar:AlbertoFujimori
bar:ValentínPaniagua
bar:AlejandroToledo
bar:OllantaHumala
bar:PedroPabloKuczynski
bar:MartínVizcarra
PlotData=
width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift: anchor:till
bar:JosédeSanMartín
from: 1821 till: 1822 color:none text:"José de San Martín"
bar:FranciscoXavierdeLunaPizarro
from: 1822 till: 1822 color:none
from: 1833 till: 1833 color:none text:"Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro"
bar:JosédelaMar
from: 1822 till: 1823 color:none
from: 1827 till: 1829 color:none text:"José de la Mar"
bar:FelipeAntonioAlvarado
from: 1822 till: 1823 color:none text:"Felipe Antonio Alvarado"
bar:ManuelSalazaryBaquíjano
from: 1822 till: 1823 color:none
from: 1827 till: 1827 color:none
from: 1828 till: 1829 color:none text:"Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano"
bar:JoséBernardodeTagleyPortocarreroMarquisofTorreTagle
from: 1823 till: 1823 color:none
from: 1823 till: 1823 color:none
from: 1823 till: 1824 color:none text:"José Bernardo de Tagle y Portocarrero, Marquis of Torre Tagle"
bar:JosédelaRivaAgüero
from: 1823 till: 1823 color:none text:"José de la Riva Agüero"
bar:FranciscoValdiviesoyPrada
from: 1823 till: 1823 color:none text:"Francisco Valdivieso y Prada"
bar:AntonioJosédeSucre
from: 1823 till: 1823 color:none text:"Antonio José de Sucre"
bar:SimónBolívar
from: 1824 till: 1827 color:none text:"Simón Bolívar"
bar:AndrésdeSantaCruz
from: 1827 till: 1827 color:none
from: 1836 till: 1839 color:none text:"Andrés de Santa Cruz"
bar:AntonioGutiérrezdelaFuente
from: 1829 till: 1829 color:military
from: 1829 till: 1829 color:military
from: 1868 till: 1868 color:military text:"Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente"
bar:AgustínGamarra
from: 1829 till: 1829 color:none
from: 1829 till: 1833 color:none
from: 1838 till: 1841 color:none text:"Agustín Gamarra"
bar:LuisJosédeOrbegoso
from: 1833 till: 1836 color:none text:"Luis José de Orbegoso"
bar:ManuelMenéndez
from: 1841 till: 1842 color:none
from: 1844 till: 1845 color:none text:"Manuel Menéndez"
bar:JuanCrisóstomoTorrico
from: 1842 till: 1842 color:military text:"Juan Crisóstomo Torrico"
bar:JuanBautistadeLavalleyZugasti
from: 1842 till: 1842 color:none text:"Juan Bautista de Lavalle y Zugasti"
bar:JuanFranciscodeVidal
from: 1842 till: 1843 color:military text:"Juan Francisco de Vidal"
bar:JustoFiguerola
from: 1843 till: 1843 color:none
from: 1844 till: 1844 color:none text:"Justo Figuerola"
bar:EleuterioAramburú
from: 1843 till: 1843 color:military text:"Eleuterio Aramburú"
bar:JoséRufinoEchenique
from: 1843 till: 1843 color:military
from: 1851 till: 1855 color:military text:"José Rufino Echenique"
bar:JuanAntonioPezet
from: 1843 till: 1843 color:military
from: 1863 till: 1865 color:military text:"Juan Antonio Pezet"
bar:ManuelIgnaciodeVivanco
from: 1843 till: 1844 color:military text:"Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco"
bar:DomingoNieto
from: 1843 till: 1844 color:military text:"Domingo Nieto"
bar:RamónCastilla
from: 1844 till: 1844 color:military
from: 1845 till: 1851 color:military
from: 1854 till: 1855 color:military
from: 1855 till: 1857 color:military
from: 1858 till: 1862 color:military
from: 1863 till: 1863 color:military text:"Ramón Castilla"
bar:DomingoElías
from: 1843 till: 1844 color:none text:"Domingo Elías"
bar:JoséMiguelMedina
from: 1854 till: 1855 color:military text:"José Miguel Medina"
bar:JoséMariaRaygadayGallo
from: 1857 till: 1858 color:military text:"José Maria Raygada y Gallo"
bar:MigueldeSanRományMeza
from: 1858 till: 1858 color:military
from: 1862 till: 1863 color:military text:"Miguel de San Román y Meza"
bar:JuanManueldelMar
from: 1859 till: 1860 color:none text:"Juan Manuel del Mar"
bar:PedroDiezCanseco
from: 1863 till: 1863 color:military
from: 1865 till: 1865 color:military
from: 1867 till: 1868 color:military
from: 1868 till: 1868 color:military text:"Pedro Diez Canseco"
bar:MarianoIgnacioPrado
from: 1865 till: 1868 color:military
from: 1876 till: 1879 color:civilista text:"Mariano Ignacio Prado"
bar:LuisLaPuerta
from: 1867 till: 1868 color:military
from: 1879 till: 1879 color:civilista text:"Luis La Puerta"
bar:FranciscoDiezCanseco
from: 1868 till: 1868 color:military
from: 1872 till: 1872 color:military text:"Francisco Diez Canseco"
bar:JoséBalta
from: 1868 till: 1872 color:military text:"José Balta"
bar:TomásGutiérrez
from: 1872 till: 1872 color:military text:"Tomás Gutiérrez"
bar:MarianoHerenciaZevallos
from: 1872 till: 1872 color:military text:"Mariano Herencia Zevallos"
bar:ManuelPardo
from: 1872 till: 1876 color:civilista text:"Manuel Pardo"
bar:NicolásdePiérola
from: 1879 till: 1881 color:none
from: 1895 till: 1899 color:democratic text:"Nicolás de Piérola"
bar:FranciscoGarcíaCalderón
from: 1881 till: 1881 color:none text:"Francisco García Calderón"
bar:LizardoMonteroFlores
from: 1881 till: 1883 color:civilista text:"Lizardo Montero Flores"
bar:MiguelIglesias
from: 1882 till: 1885 color:military text:"Miguel Iglesias"
bar:AndrésAvelinoCáceres
from: 1884 till: 1885 color:military
from: 1886 till: 1890 color:constitutional
from: 1894 till: 1895 color:constitutional text:"Andrés Avelino Cáceres"
bar:AntonioArenas
from: 1885 till: 1886 color:none text:"Antonio Arenas"
bar:RemigioMoralesBermúdez
from: 1890 till: 1894 color:constitutional text:"Remigio Morales Bermúdez"
bar:JustinianoBorgoño
from: 1894 till: 1894 color:constitutional text:"Justiniano Borgoño"
bar:ManuelCandamo
from: 1895 till: 1895 color:none
from: 1903 till: 1904 color:civilista text:"Manuel Candamo"
bar:EduardoLópezdeRomaña
from: 1899 till: 1903 color:civilista text:"Eduardo López de Romaña"
bar:SerapioCalderón
from: 1904 till: 1904 color:civilista text:"Serapio Calderón"
bar:JoséPardoyBarreda
from: 1904 till: 1908 color:civilista
from: 1915 till: 1919 color:civilista text:"José Pardo y Barreda"
bar:AugustoB.Leguía
from: 1908 till: 1912 color:civilista
from: 1919 till: 1930 color:democraticreformist text:"Augusto B. Leguía"
bar:GuillermoBillinghurst
from: 1912 till: 1914 color:democratic text:"Guillermo Billinghurst"
bar:ÓscarR.Benavides
from: 1914 till: 1915 color:military
from: 1933 till: 1939 color:military text:"Óscar R. Benavides"
bar:ManuelMaríaPonceBrousset
from: 1930 till: 1930 color:military text:"Manuel María Ponce Brousset"
bar:LuisMiguelSánchezCerro
from: 1930 till: 1931 color:military
from: 1931 till: 1933 color:revolutionaryunion text:"Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro"
bar:MarianoHolguínMaldonado
from: 1931 till: 1931 color:none text:"Mariano Holguín Maldonado"
bar:RicardoLeoncioElíasArias
from: 1931 till: 1931 color:military text:"Ricardo Leoncio Elías Arias"
bar:GustavoJiménez
from: 1931 till: 1931 color:military text:"Gustavo Jiménez"
bar:DavidSamanezOcampo
from: 1931 till: 1931 color:none text:"David Samanez Ocampo"
bar:ManuelPradoyUgarteche
from: 1939 till: 1945 color:none
from: 1956 till: 1962 color:pradist text:"Manuel Prado y Ugarteche"
bar:JoséLuisBustamanteyRivero
from: 1945 till: 1948 color:nationaldemocraticfront text:"José Luis Bustamante y Rivero"
bar:ManuelA.Odría
from: 1948 till: 1950 color:military
from: 1950 till: 1956 color:odriist text:"Manuel A. Odría"
bar:ZenónNoriegaAgüero
from: 1950 till: 1950 color:military text:"Zenón Noriega Agüero"
bar:RicardoPérezGodoy
from: 1962 till: 1963 color:military text:"Ricardo Pérez Godoy"
bar:NicolásLindleyLópez
from: 1963 till: 1963 color:military text:"Nicolás Lindley López"
bar:FernandoBelaúndeTerry
from: 1963 till: 1968 color:popularaction
from: 1980 till: 1985 color:popularaction text:"Fernando Belaúnde Terry"
bar:JuanVelascoAlvarado
from: 1968 till: 1975 color:military text:"Juan Velasco Alvarado"
bar:FranciscoMoralesBermúdez
from: 1975 till: 1980 color:military text:"Francisco Morales Bermúdez"
bar:AlanGarcía
from: 1985 till: 1990 color:apra
from: 2006 till: 2011 color:apra text:"Alan García"
bar:AlbertoFujimori
from: 1990 till: 1998 color:cambio90
from: 1998 till: 2000 color:sicumple text:"Alberto Fujimori"
bar:ValentínPaniagua
from: 2000 till: 2001 color:popularaction text:"Valentín Paniagua"
bar:AlejandroToledo
from: 2001 till: 2006 color:possibleperu text:"Alejandro Toledo"
bar:OllantaHumala
from: 2011 till: 2016 color:apra text:"Ollanta Humala"
bar:PedroPabloKuczynski
from: 2016 till: 2018 color:ppk text:"Pedro Pablo Kuczynski"
bar:MartínVizcarra
from: 2018 till: end color:ppk text:"Martín Vizcarra"