List of regicides
This is a list of regicides.
Different cultures and authors in history have used different definitions for what constitute the crime of regicide, as such it is difficult to make a universally accepted list of what constitutes a regicide. The following is a list of other cases of monarchs in history that have been deliberately killed in some fashion according to recorded history:
, by Édouard Manet
- 1962 BC Amenemhat I, of Egypt by his own bodyguards
- 1526 BC Mursili I, King of the Hittites by his brother-in-law Hantili I
- Unknown date in late 2nd millennium BC, Eglon of Moab by Ehud
- 1155 BC Ramesses III of Egypt from a neck wound inflicted by conspirators
- 11th century BC Agag of Amalek by the prophet Samuel
- 1005 BC Ish-bosheth of Israel, slain by his own captains
- 900 BC Nadab of Israel, slain by own captain Baasha
- 885 BC King Elah of Israel, murdered by his chariot commander Zimri
- 841 BC Jehoram of Israel, murdered by Jehu
- 836 BC Athaliah, Queen of Judah, by rebels that placed Jehoash on the throne
- 797 BC Jehoash of Judah by his own servants at Miloh
- 771 BC King You of Zhou by the Marquess of Shen
- 767 BC Amaziah of Judah assassinated at Lachish
- 752 BC Zechariah of Israel murdered by Shallum
- 740 or 737 BC Pekahiah, King of Israel, assassinated by Pekah, son of Remaliah
- 732 BC Pekah, King of Israel, by Hoshea
- 681 BC Sennacherib, King of Assyria, assassinated in obscure circumstances
- 641 BC Amon of Judah, assassinated by own servants
- 465 BC Xerxes I of Persia by his chief bodyguard Artabanus
- 424 BC Xerxes II of Persia by his brother Sogdianus
- 336 BC Philip II of Macedon, father of Alexander the Great in unclear circumstances
- 330 BC Darius III of Persia, assassinated by his general Bessus
- 317 BC Philip III of Macedon, executed by his stepmother Olympias
- 309 BC Alexander IV of Macedon, assassinated at the age of 14 by the regent Cassander
- 294 BC Alexander V of Macedon, murdered by Demetrius Poliorcetes
- 281 BC Seleucus I Nicator, assassinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus
- 249 BC Demetrius of Cyrene, assassinated by his wife Berenice II
- 246 BC Antiochus II Theos, poisoned by his wife Laodice I
- 241 BC Agis IV of Sparta, executed by ephors without a regular trial
- 233 BC Deidamia II of Epirus, assassinated during a republican revolt
- 227 BC Archidamus V of Sparta, assassinated possibly by orders of his co-ruler Cleomenes III
- 223 BC Seleucus III Ceraunus, assassinated in Anatolia by members of his army
- 223 BC Diodotus II of Bactria, killed by the usurper Euthydemus I
- 214 BC Hieronymus of Syracuse, assassinated by conspirators
- 207 BC Qin Er Shi through forced suicide put on him by his eunuch Zhao Gao
- 206 BC Ziying executed by Xiang Yu
- 185 BC Brihadratha Maurya of India, assassinated by Pushyamitra Shunga during a military parade
- 149 BC Prusias II of Bithynia, assassinated by supporters of his son
- 120 BC Mithridates V of Pontus, poisoned at a banquet
- 116/111 BC Ariarathes VI of Cappadocia murdered by Gordius for Mithridates VI of Pontus
- 104 BC Jugurtha, King of Numidia, captured by Roman army, paraded in Rome and starved to death in prison
- 100 BC Ariarathes VII of Cappadocia murdered by Mithridates VI of Pontus
- 80 BC Ptolemy XI Alexander II, lynched by the citizens of Alexandria
- 51 BC Ariobarzanes II of Cappadocia, assassinated by Parthian favorites
- 44 BC Burebista, Great King of Dacia was assassinated by the dacian nobles and his advisors.
- 44 BC Ptolemy XIV of Egypt, widely suspected to have been poisoned by Cleopatra VII
- 42 BC Ariobarzanes III of Cappadocia, executed by Gaius Cassius Longinus
- 36 BC Ariarathes X of Cappadocia, executed by Mark Antony
- 30 BC Caesarion, executed by Octavian
- 29 BC Antiochus II of Commagene, executed by Octavian
- 25 AD the Gengshi Emperor by strangulation from Xie Lu
- 41 Caligula by a group of conspirators supported by the Roman senate
- 69 Galba by the praetorian guard
- 69 Vitellius by Vespasian's troops
- 96 Domitian by a group of court officials
- 190 Emperor Shao of Han forced to drink poison by rebels
- 192 Commodus strangled by his wrestling partner supported by a group of conspirators
- 193 Pertinax murdered by Praetorian guard
- 193 Didius Julianus executed on orders by the senate
- 217 Caracalla murdered by a conspiracy
- 218 Macrinus, executed by Elagabalus
- 222 Elagabalus murdered by Praetorian guard
- 235 Severus Alexander murdered by the army
- 238 Maximinus I murdered by Praetorian guard
- 238 Pupienus murdered by Praetorian guard
- 238 Balbinus murdered by Praetorian guard
- 253 Trebonianus Gallus by his own troops
- 253 Aemilian by his own troops
- 268 Gallienus murdered by his own commanders
- 275 Aurelian assassinated by Praetorian guard
- 276 Florianus assassinated by his own troops
- 282 Marcus Aurelius Probus assassinated by his own troops
- 307 Severus II forced to commit suicide by Maxentius
- 310 Maximian forced to commit suicide by Constantine I
- 325 Licinius executed on orders by Constantine I
- 350 Constans killed by supporters of Magnentius
- 359 Gratian murdered by army faction
- 423 Joannes captured and executed by eastern Roman army
- 453 Emperor Wen of Liu Song by Crown Prince Liu Shao
- 455 Valentinian III assassinated
- 456 Emperor Ankō of Japan, by Prince Mayowa
- 565 Diarmait mac Cerbaill, King of Tara, by Áed Dub mac Suibni
- 592 Emperor Sushun of Japan, by Soga no Umako
- 602 Maurice, Byzantine Emperor, beheaded
- 610 Phocas, Byzantine Emperor, executed
- 618 Emperor Yang of Sui, strangled by soldier in coup
- 656 Uthman ibn Affan, Caliph of Islamic Caliphate, assassinated by rebels
- 668 Constans II, Byzantine Emperor, assassinated
- 710 Emperor Zhongzong of Tang poisoned by his wife Empress Wei
- 904 Emperor Zhaozong of Tang by soldiers sent by Zhu Quanzhong
- 908 Emperor Ai of Tang poisoned on orders by Zhu Quanzhong
- 935 Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia killed by his younger brother Boleslaus the Cruel
- 978 Edward the martyr killed in unclear circumstances
- 1014 Brian Boru killed in unclear circumstances
- 1072 Sancho II of Castile and León assassinated by Vellido Dolfos
- 1174 Andrey Bogolyubsky, Prince of Rus, was murdered by members of Kuchkovich family
- 1192 Conrad of Montferrat, King of Jerusalem, assassins unknown to history
- 1199 Richard I of England shot with crossbow by Pierre Basile
- 1206 Muhammad of Ghor, Sultan of the Ghurid Empire, assassinated while doing evening prayers
- 1208 Philip of Swabia, king of Germany, assassinated by Otto VIII, Count Palatine of Bavaria
- 1227 Ken Arok, King of Singhasari, by his stepson Anusapati
- 1296 Przemysł II, King of Poland, by the Margraves of Brandenburg, some Polish families, or maybe both
- 1306 Wenceslaus III of Bohemia, King of Bohemia, Hungary and Poland
- 1323 Emperor Gong of Song, forced to commit suicide by Emperor Yingzong of Yuan
- 1323 Emperor Yingzong of Yuan by a plot formed among Yesün Temür's supporters
- 1327 Edward II of England after forced abdication on behalf of son Edward III of England
- 1328 Jayanegara, King of Majapahit, by Ra Tanca, his doctor
- 1359 Berdi Beg of the Golden Horde by his brother Qulpa
- 1386 Charles II of Hungary by Blaise Forgách
- 1402 the Jianwen Emperor was claimed to have been burned to death in his palace by Zhu Di
- 1483 Edward V of England by either Richard III or some other party
- 1488 Alauddin Riayat Shah of Malacca was poisoned by his officer.
- 1513 Ahmad Shah of Malacca was murdered by his father who later succeed him.
- 1520 Moctezuma II, Emperor of the Aztecs, by either the Spanish or his own people
- 1532 Huáscar, Emperor of the Incas, executed by his brother Atahualpa
- 1533 Atahualpa, Emperor of the Incas, executed by the Spanish
- 1587 Mary, Queen of Scots executed after a trial by an English court of 36 noblemen over the Babington Plot
- 1589 Henry III of France by Jacques Clément
- 1605 False Dmitry I, an impostor who ascended Russian throne, was overthrown and killed by a local mob
- 1610 Henry IV of France by François Ravaillac
- 1622 Osman II of the Ottoman Empire by the Grand Vizier Davud Pasha
- 1648 Ibrahim executed by orders from his mother Kösem Sultan
- 1649 Charles I of England executed following a trial set up by the Rump Parliament
- 1699 Mahmud II, Sultan of Johor murdered by Megat Seri Rama, his admiral in carriage.
- 1747 Nader Shah of the Afshar Dynasty, Shahanshah of Persia by Salah Bey
- 1762 Peter III of Russia deposed and supposedly murdered shortly thereafter
- 1782 Taksin, King of Thailand, deposed and executed in a coup
- 1792 Gustav III of Sweden by Jacob Johan Anckarström
- 1793 Louis XVI of France executed following a trial by the National Convention
- 1801 Emperor Paul of Russia by Count Pahlen and his accomplices
- 1815 Joachim Murat, executed in Calabria by orders of Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
- 1828 Shaka King of the Zulus by his half-brother and successor Dingane and accomplices
- 1855 Hamengkubuwono V of Yogyakarta by his fifth wife, Kanjeng Mas Hemawati
- 1867 Maximilian I of Mexico executed after a Mexican court-martial
- 1881 Alexander II of Russia by Ignacy Hryniewiecki, a member of Narodnaya Volya
- 1895 Min of Joseon by three mercenary killers allegedly hired by Japanese minister to Korea Miura Goro
- 1896 Nasser al-Din Shah, Qajar king of Persia, by Mirza Reza Kermani
- 1898 Empress Elisabeth of Austria by Luigi Lucheni, an anarchist in Geneva.
- 1900 Umberto I of Italy by anarchist Gaetano Bresci
- 1903 Alexander I of Serbia and his wife Queen Draga by a group of army officers
- 1908 Carlos I of Portugal, assassinated with his son Infante Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal by Alfredo Luís da Costa and Manuel Buiça, both connected to the Carbonária
- 1908 The Guangxu Emperor by arsenic poisoning, perhaps on orders from Empress Dowager Cixi or Yuan Shikai.
- 1913 George I of Greece by Alexandros Schinas
- 1918 Nicholas II of Russia and the Imperial Family executed by a Bolshevik firing squad under the command of Yakov Yurovsky
- 1933 Mohammed Nadir Shah, king of Afghanistan, assassinated by student Abdul Khaliq Hazara
- 1934 Alexander I of Yugoslavia by Vlado Chernozemski, a member of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
- 1936 George V of the United Kingdom by Bertrand Dawson, his personal physician.
- 1946 Ananda Mahidol of Thailand. The King's death is still a mystery and may have been either regicide or suicide.
- 1948 Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din, king of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen, assassinated in the Alwaziri coup
- 1951 Abdullah I of Jordan by Mustafa Ashi
- 1958 Faisal II of Iraq executed by firing squad under the command of Captain Abdus Sattar As Sab, a member of the coup d'état led by Colonel Abdul Karim Qassim
- 1975 Faisal of Saudi Arabia by his nephew Faisal bin Musa'id
- 1975 Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia, widely suspected to have been murdered in his sleep by asphyxiation on the orders of the Derg junta, which had deposed him a year earlier.
- 2001 Birendra of Nepal, presumed to be killed by his son Crown Prince Dipendra, in the Nepalese royal massacre. Controversy surrounds this claim.