List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll

This is a list of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll. Anthropogenic means caused by humans. The list covers the name of the event, location and the start and end of each event. Some events may belong in more than one category. In addition, some of the listed events overlap each other, and in some cases the death toll from a smaller event is included in the one for the larger event or time period of which it was part.
There is often large uncertainty about the number of deaths. The tables are initially sorted by the geometric mean, meaning the square root of the product of the lowest and highest estimate. For example,.

Wars and armed conflicts with highest estimated death tolls of 100,000 or more

This section lists all wars in which the highest estimated casualties exceed 100,000, this includes deaths of both soldiers, civilians, etc from causes both directly and indirectly caused by the war, which includes combat, disease, famine, massacres, suicide, and genocide.

Event	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Geometric mean estimate	Location	From	Until	Duration	Notes, see also
Second World War	World War II casualties\|					1945	6 years and 1 day	Note: many victims included here come from before 1939, specifically in China. See also: World War II casualties.
Three Kingdoms	36,000,000	40,000,000	37,947,332	China			96 years	Academically, the period of the Three Kingdoms refers to the period between the foundation of the state of Wei in 220 and the conquest of the state of Wu by the Jin dynasty in 280. The earlier, "unofficial" part of the period, from 184 to 220, was marked by chaotic infighting between warlords in various parts of China.
Mongol conquests		+	34641016	Eurasia			199 years	See also: Mongol Empire, Destruction under the Mongol Empire
European colonization of the Americas	8400000	138000000	34047026	Americas			199 years	Death toll estimates vary due to lack of consensus as to the demographic size of the native population pre-Columbus, which might never be accurately determined. The 90% death rate was mainly caused by disease. Vast depopulation contributed to Little Ice Age
Taiping Rebellion	10000000	100000000	31622777	China			14 years	See also: Qing dynasty
Red Eyebrows				China			28 years	See also: Xin Dynasty
Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent		+		India, Pakistan, Bangladesh			1214 years.	The most violent invasions, however, only began in the 11th century with Mahmud Ghazni. The 60 to 80 million estimate is specifically made from 1000 to 1525	China	12 years	See also: Red Turban Rebellion
Transition from Ming to Qing	25000000	25000000	25000000	China			65 years	See also: Qing dynasty
Second Sino-Japanese War	20000000	25000000	22360680	China			8 years	– Part of World War II
An Lushan Rebellion	13,020,000	36,000,000	21,633,308	China			8 years	Also known as the An–Shi rebellion, potentially the deadliest man-made disaster in human history in proportion of total world population at the time.
First World War	World War I casualties\|			Worldwide			4 years, 3 months, 1 week	Note: Maximum estimate is counting the related 1918 influenza pandemic deaths
Conquests of Timur	8000000	17000000	12649111	Central Asia, Middle East and South Asia			35 years	Up to 5% of the world's population at the time.
Dungan Revolt	8000000	12000000	9797959	China			15 years	See also: Qing dynasty
Chinese Civil War	8000000	11692000	9671401	China			22 years
Reconquista	7,000,000	7,000,000	7,000,000	Iberian Peninsula			781 years	Note: cannot be considered a single war
Russian Civil War	5000000	9000000	6708204	Russia			5 years	See also: Russian Revolution, List of civil wars
Thirty Years' War	3000000	11500000	5873670	Holy Roman Empire, Europe			30 years	Initially a religious war between Catholics and Protestants, it became a general European political war. It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history.
Mughal–Maratha Wars	5600000	5600000	5600000	India			27 years
Napoleonic Wars	3500000	7000000	4949747	Europe, Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean			13 years	See also: Napoleonic Wars casualties
Yellow Turban Rebellion	3000000	7000000	4582576	China	184	205	22 years	– Part of the Three Kingdoms War
Second Congo War	2500000	5400000	3674235	Democratic Republic of the Congo			6 years
Korean War	1500000	4500000	3000000	Korean Peninsula			4 years	Categorized as part of the Cold War.
French Wars of Religion	2000000	4000000	2828427	France			37 years	Largely a religious war between Catholics and Huguenots
Indian Rebellion of 1857	800000	10000000	2828427	India			1 year
Hundred Years' War	2300000	3300000	2754995	Western Europe			116 years	Edwardian War, Caroline War, Lancastrian War
Vietnam War	966000	3800000	2383000	Southeast Asia			21 years	Cold War and First Indochina War
Crusades	1000000	3000000	2000000	Holy Land, Europe			196 years	Christian military excursions in the Middle East.
Nigerian Civil War	1000000	3000000	2000000	Nigeria			4 years	Ethnic cleansings of the Igbo people followed by Civil War.
Mfecane	1500000	2000000	1750000	Southern Africa			13 years	Ndwandwe–Zulu War
Punic Wars	1250000	1850000	1520691	Mediterranean	264 BC	146 BC	118 years	See also: Carthage, Roman Republic
Tây Sơn Rebellion	900000	2000000	1500000	Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, South China Sea			31 years
Second Sudanese Civil War	1000000	2000000	1414214	Sudan			23 years	First Sudanese Civil War
Qin's wars of unification	2000000	2000000	2000000	China	230 BC	221 BC	9 years	See also: History of China
Seven Years' War	868000	1400000	1102361	Worldwide			7 years
Soviet–Afghan War	600000	2000000	1095445	Afghanistan			9 years	Sometimes categorized as a proxy war during the Cold War. – Part of the War in Afghanistan
Japanese invasions of Korea	1000000	1,000,000	1000000	Korea			7 years
Mongol invasion of Vietnam	700000	1200000	1000000	Southeast Asia			9 years	Mongol invasions and conquests
French Revolutionary Wars	1000000	1,000,000	1000000	Worldwide			10 years
Mexican Revolution	500000	2000000	1000000	Mexico, United States			10 years	Includes Pancho Villa's raids and the Columbus Raid.
Italian conquest of the Horn of Africa	1000000	1,000,000	1000000	Horn of Africa			16 years
Panthay Rebellion	890000	1000000	943398	China			18 years
Wars of the Three Kingdoms	876,000	876,000	876,000	British Isles			12 years
Conquests of Mehmed the Conqueror	873,000	873,000	873,000	Eastern Europe			30 years
Ethiopian Civil War	500000	1500000	866025	Ethiopia			17 years
Jewish–Roman wars	350000	2000000	836660	Roman Empire			70 years	See also: Roman Empire
American Civil War	650000	1000000	800000	Southeastern United States and Pennsylvania			4 years	See also: United States
Algerian War	350000	1500000	724569	Algeria			7 years, 4 months, 2 weeks, and 4 days
War of the Spanish Succession	400000	1251000	707389	Europe, North America, South America			12 years
Spanish Civil War	500000	1000000	707107	Spain			4 years
Eighty Years' War	230000	2000000	678233	The Low Countries, South America, Caribbean Sea, East and Southeast Asia			80 years
Gallic Wars	400000	1000000	632445	France	58 BC	50 BC	9 years	See also: Roman Empire
Spanish American wars of independence	600,000	600,000	600,000	Americas			25 years
Paraguayan War	300000	1200000	600000	Southern Cone			7 years	Military history of South America, Francisco Solano López and Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias
Iran–Iraq War	289220	1100000	564041	Iran–Iraq border			8 years	Iran claims: 123,220 KIA + 11,000 civilians Iraq claims: 105,000 KIA + 50,000 in Kurdish Genocide Others claim 600,000 Iranians killed and 500,000 Iraqis
French invasion of Russia	540,000	540,000	540,000	Russia			5 months, 2 weeks and 6 days	– Part of the Napoleonic Wars
Syrian Civil War	500000	570000	535000	Syria		Present	8 years
Lý-Song War	375000	600000	530000	Vietnam, China		1077	2 years
English Civil War	356,000	735,000	511,527	England			9 years	– Part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
Angolan Civil War	504,158	504,158	504,158	Angola			27 years
First Sudanese Civil War	500,000	500,000	500,000	Sudan			17 years
War on Terror	480000	507000	493500	Worldwide		Present	18 years	Includes Iraq War, War in Afghanistan, War in North-West Pakistan and Operation Inherent Resolve
Albigensian Crusade	200000	1000000	447214	Southern France			21 years
First Congo War	250,000	800,000	447,214	Zaire			1 year
Maratha invasions of Bengal	400,000	400,000	400,000	India			10 years
First Indochina War	400,000	400,000	400,000	Southeast Asia			8 years	Also known as the Indochina War
Continuation War	387,333	387,333	387,333	Northern Europe			3 years	– Part of World War II
Somali Civil War	300,000	500,000	387,298	Somalia		Present	32 years
Crimean War	356,000	410,000	382,047	Crimea			3 years
Iraq War	268000	461000	364500	Iraq			8 years	See also: Casualties of the Iraq War – Part of the War on Terror
Cuban War of Independence	362,000	362,000	362,000	Cuba			3 years
Great Northern War	350,000	350,000	350,000	Northern and Eastern Europe			21 years
Italian Wars	300,000	400,000	346,410	Southern Europe			65 years	Also known as the Great Wars of Italy
French conquest of Algeria	300,000	300,000	300,000	Algeria			18 years
Burundian Civil War	300,000	300,000	300,000	Burundi			12 years
War in Darfur	178,258	461,520	286,827	Sudan		Present	15 years
Bangladesh Liberation War	26000	3000000	500,000	East Pakistan			1 year	See also: Bangladeshi Genocide casualties
Second Italo-Ethiopian War	278,350	278,350	278,350	Ethiopia			1 year	Also known as the Second Italo–Abyssinian War
Papua conflict	150,000	400,000	244,949	New Guinea		Present	55 years
Ten Years' War	241,000	241,000	241,000	Cuba			10 years	Also known as the Great War
Philippine–American War	234,000	234,000	234,000	Philippines			13 years	Also known as the Philippine War
Venezuelan War of Independence	228,000	228,000	228,000	Venezuela			13 years	– Part of the Spanish American Wars of Independence
Ugandan Bush War	100,000	500,000	223,607	Uganda			5 years	Also known as the Luwero War
Lord's Resistance Army insurgency	100,000	500,000	223,607	Central Africa		Present	31 years
Franco-Dutch War	220,000	220,000	220,000	Western Europe			6 years	Also known as the Dutch War
Colombian conflict	220,000	220,000	220,000	Colombia		Present	54 years
Iraqi-Kurdish conflict	138,800	320,100	210,784	Iraq			85 years
Campaigns of Suleiman the Magnificent	200,000	200,000	200,000	Eastern Europe, Middle East and North Africa			25 years
Franco-Spanish War	200,000	200,000	200,000	Western Europe			24 years
Carlist Wars	200,000	200,000	200,000	Spain			56 years
La Violencia	192,700	194,700	193,697	Colombia			10 years
Internal conflict in Myanmar	130,000	250,000	180,278	Myanmar		Present	70 years
Kalinga War	150000	200000	173205	India	262 BC	261 BC	2 years
Winter War	153,736	194,837	173,071	Finland			1 year	– Part of World War II
Greek Civil War	158,000	158,000	158,000	Greece			3 years
North Yemen Civil War	100,000	200,000	141,421	Yemen			8 years
1991 uprisings in Iraq	85,000	235,000	141,333	Iraq			1 month and 4 days
Balkan Wars	140,000	140,000	140,000	Balkans			1 year
Anglo-Spanish War	138,285	138,285	138,285	Europe and Americas			19 years
Saint-Domingue Expedition	135,000	135,000	135,000	Haiti			1 year
Yugoslav Wars	130,000	140,000	134,907	Balkans			10 years
Lebanese Civil War	120,000	150,000	134,164	Lebanon			15 years
Sierra Leone Civil War	50,000	300,000	122,474	Sierra Leone			11 years
Great Turkish War	120,000	120,000	120,000	Eastern Europe			16 years	Also known as the War of the Holy League
Thousand Days War	120,000	120,000	120,000	Colombia			3 years
Moro conflict	120,000	120,000	120,000	Philippines		Present	49 years
Arab–Israeli conflict	116,074	116,074	116,074	Middle East		Present	70 years
Mexican Drug War	106,800	106,800	106,800	Mexico		Present	12 years	Also known as the Mexican War on Drugs
Aceh War	97,000	107,000	101,877	Indonesia			41 years	Also known as the Infidel War
Bosnian War	97,214	104,732	100,903	Bosnia and Herzegovina			4 years	– Part of the Yugoslav Wars
German Peasants' War	100,000	100,000	100,000	Germany			1 year	Also known as the Great Peasants' War
Kurdish rebellions in Turkey	100,000	100,000	100,000	Middle East		Present	97 years
Congo Crisis	100,000	100,000	100,000	Republic of the Congo			5 years
Insurgency in Laos	100,000	100,000	100,000	Laos			32 years
Kivu Conflict	100,000	100,000	100,000	Democratic Republic of the Congo		Present	14 years	– Part of the Second Congo War
Kashmir Conflict	80,000	110,000	93,808	North India, Pakistan		Present	71 years
Algerian Civil War	44,000	200,000	93,808	Algeria			11 years
Angolan War of Independence	82,991	102,991	92,452	Angola			13 years
Sri Lankan Civil War	80,000	100,000	89,443	Sri Lanka			26 years
Indian annexation of Hyderabad	29,212	242,212	84,116	India			5 days	Also known as Operation Polo

War crimes, massacres and ancient war atrocities

This section lists non-combatant deaths during wars that were committed or caused by military or quasi-military forces. They may not particularly target ethnic, religious, or political groups but are usually part of a military strategy that disregards civilian lives, or they may be arbitrary acts of cruelty.

Event	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Geometric mean estimate	Location	From	Until	Duration	Notes
War crimes during World War II	29000000	30500000	29074054	Worldwide	1939	1945	6 years	See also: World War II casualties.
Japanese war crimes	3000000	14000000+	6480741	In and around East and South East Asia, Oceania and the Pacific	1931	1945	8 years	Japanese war crimes occurred in many Asian and Pacific countries during the period of Japanese imperialism, primarily during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II. If total casualties for these conflicts are assigned exclusively to Japanese aggression the toll could reach some 30 million deaths. These incidents have also been described as an Asian Holocaust and Japanese war atrocities. Some war crimes were committed by military personnel from the Empire of Japan in the late 19th century, although most took place during the first part of the Shōwa Era, the name given to the reign of Emperor Hirohito, until the surrender of the Empire of Japan, in 1945.
Three Alls Policy	2700000	2700000	2700000	China	1940	1942	2 years	In a study published in 1996, historian Mitsuyoshi Himeta claims that the Three Alls Policy, a scorched-earth policy implemented by the Imperial Japanese Army on China, sanctioned by Emperor Hirohito himself, was both directly and indirectly responsible for the deaths of "more than 2.7 million" Chinese civilians.
War crimes during the Chinese Civil War	1800000	3500000	2509980	China	1927	1950	23 years	During the war, both Nationalists and Communists carried out mass atrocities, with millions of non-combatants deliberately killed by both sides.
War crimes during the First and Second Sudanese Civil Wars	2000000	2000000	2000000	Sudan	1956	2005	49 years
War crimes during the Soviet–Afghan War	500000	2000000	1000000	Afghanistan	1979	1989	10 years	Some refer to the mass murder of civilians during the Soviet Invasion as a genocide, however those killed were on the basis of political alignment making it a politicide.
War crimes of Zhang Xianzhong	1000000	1000000	1000000	Sichuan, China	1644	1646	2 years	Committed during a bloody peasant revolt that massacred a large portion of Sichuan's population.
War crimes during Warlord Era China	910000	910000	910000	China	1900	1927	27 years
War crimes during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War	62000	485000	173407	Ethiopia	1935	1941	6 years	Angelo Del Boca, The Ethiopian War 1935–1941, cites a 1945 memorandum from Ethiopia to the Conference of Prime Ministers, which tallies 760,300 natives dead; of them: battle deaths: 275,000, hunger among refugees: 300,000, patriots killed during occupation: 78,500, concentration camps: 35,000, Feb. 1937 massacre: 30,000, executions: 24,000, civilians killed by air force: 17,800.
Mongol sacking after the Siege of Baghdad	200000	2000000	632456	Baghdad	January 29, 1258	February 10, 1258	12 days	Mass slaughter of civilians by the Mongols in Baghdad. Considered to be the end of the "Islamic Golden Age."
War crimes during the Angolan Civil War	500000	500000	500000	Angola	1975	2002	27 years	The 27-year war can be divided roughly into three periods of major fighting – 1975–91, 1992–94, and 1998 to 2002 – broken up by fragile periods of peace. By the time the MPLA achieved victory in 2002, more than 500,000 people had died and over one million had been internally displaced. The war devastated Angola's infrastructure, and severely damaged the nation's public administration, economic enterprises, and religious institutions.
Biological warfare and human experimentation by the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II		580000	481664	Parts of Russia and China especially Manchuria	1931	1945	14 years	See also: Unit 731 and the Asian Holocaust.
War crimes during the Maratha invasions of Bengal	400000	400000	400000	Bengal and Bihar regions of Indian subcontinent	1741	1751	10 years	Maratha Empire invaded Bengal Subah, occupied the western Bengal and Bihar regions, and perpetrated atrocities against the local population.
War crimes during La Violencia	200000	300000	244949	Colombia	1948	1958	10 years	La Violencia was a ten-year period of civil war and violence in Colombia from 1948–58, between the Colombian Conservative Party and the Colombian Liberal Party, fought mainly in the rural countryside. Death toll may include non-civilian victims.
War crimes during the Philippine–American War	200000	250000	223607	Philippines	1899	1902	3 years
Manila Massacre	100000	500000	223607	Manila, Philippines			1 month
War crimes during the Colombian conflict	177307	177307	177307	Colombia	1964	present	54 years
War crimes during the War in the Vendée	100000	250000	158114	France during the French Revolution			3 years	Described as genocide by some historians, but this claim has been debated. See also: French Revolution.
War crimes during the First and Second Chechen Wars	55000	330000	134722	Chechnya	1994	2009	15 years
War crimes during the Iran–Iraq War	61000	282000	131156	Iran and Iraq	1980	1988	8 years	11,000 to 100,000 civilians killed on both sides, plus 50 to 182 killed in Kurdish Genocide.
War crimes committed by South Vietnam during the Diem era and Vietnam War	42000	118000	80000	Vietnam	1954	1975	21 years
War crimes during the Syrian Civil War	106390	110,218	108287	Syria	2011	present	7 years	See also: List of massacres during the Syrian Civil War
War crimes of the Viet Cong	36725	227000	91305	Vietnam	1955	1975	20 years	-
War crimes during the Second Italo-Senussi War	80000	125000	100000	Libya	1923	1932	9 years	Specific war crimes alleged to have been committed by the Italian armed forces against civilians include deliberate bombing of civilians, killing unarmed children, women, and the elderly; rape and disembowelment of women; throwing prisoners out of aircraft to their death, running over others with tanks, regular daily executions of civilians in some areas, and bombing tribal villages with mustard gas bombs, beginning in 1930.
War crimes of the Lord's Resistance Army	100000	100000	100000	Uganda, Central African Republic, and the Democratic Republic of Congo	1986	2009	23 years	The Guardian reported in 2015 that Kony's forces had been responsible for the deaths of over 100,000 people and the kidnapping of at least 60,000 children. Various atrocities committed include raping young girls and abducting them for use as sex slaves.
War crimes of the National Islamic Front	100000	100000	100000	Sudan	1964	1999	35 years	Alleged human rights abuses by the NIF regime included war crimes, ethnic cleansing, a revival of slavery, torture of opponents, and an unprecedented number of refugees fleeing into Uganda, Kenya, Eritrea, Egypt, Europe and North America.
War crimes during the Papua conflict	100000	100000	100000	West Papua	1963	present	55 years	Since Indonesia has taken control of West Papua in 1963, the population of West Papua has recorded more than 100,000 unnatural deaths. The administration of West Papua has been called a police state.
War crimes during the Kashmir Conflict	47000	100000	68556	Jammu and Kashmir, India	1947	present	71 years	See also: Human Rights Abuses in Jammu and Kashmir, Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir, List of massacres in Jammu and Kashmir
The Rape of Nanking	13000 5000	400000 100000	72111 22361	Nanking, China			1 year	The Nanking Massacre, commonly known as the Rape of Nanking, was a war crime committed by the Japanese military in Nanjing, then capital of the Republic of China, after it fell to the Imperial Japanese Army on December 13, 1937. See: Death toll of the Nanking Massacre.
War crimes during the Internal conflict in Peru	61007	77552	68784	Peru			20 years	In the late 20th century, the Peruvian government fought against communist terrorists in Peru. The principal actors in the war were the Communist Party of Peru or "Shining Path" and the government of Peru; the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement was also involved and other paramilitary entities. Peru's Truth and Reconciliation Commission reached a figure of approx. 68,784 deaths and disappearances, of which 54% were ascribed to Shining Path, 1.5% to Tupac Amaru and 37% to State officials, who were also responsible for 83% of reported cases of sexual violence, and systematic use of torture. An academic research published in 2019 contests the Commission's methodology, reaching a total figure of approx. 47,849, of which 27,872 were victims of State officials, 18,341 of the Shining Path, and 1,636 by all other actors.
War crimes during the Sheikh Said rebellion	15,000 20,000	40,000 250,000	24,495 70,711	Turkey	1925	1925	1 month	The Sheikh Said Rebellion was a rebellion to revive the Islamic Caliphate System, and used elements of Kurdish nationalism for recruiting. It was led by Sheikh Said and a group of former Ottoman soldiers, known as Hamidiye soldiers. The rebellion was of two Kurdish groups, the Zaza people and the speakers of the related Kurmanji dialect of Kurdish: it "was led specifically by the Zaza population and received almost full support in the entire Zaza region and some of the neighbouring Kurmanji-dominated regions".
Violations of Human rights in ISIL-controlled territory				Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan, Libya, Egypt, the Philippines, Nigeria and sporadic terrorism worldwide	2014	present	7 years	ISIS has existed as an active terrorist organization in one form or another since at least 2003. Many tens of thousands of casualties in the Iraqi wars of the 21st century can be attributed to them and their parent organizations, such as Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad. See also the specific death tolls from 2014 onwards in International military intervention against ISIL or in the Iraqi Body Count website.
War Crimes during the Sri Lankan Civil War	7000	40000	16733	Sri Lanka	1983	2009	26 years	There are allegations that war crimes were committed by the Sri Lankan military and the rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam during the Sri Lankan Civil War, particularly during the final months of the Eelam War IV phase in 2009. The alleged war crimes include attacks on civilians and civilian buildings by both sides; executions of combatants and prisoners by both sides; enforced disappearances by the Sri Lankan military and paramilitary groups backed by them; acute shortages of food, medicine, and clean water for civilians trapped in the war zone; and child recruitment by the Tamil Tigers.
Sack of Thessalonica	15000	15000	15000	Byzantine Empire	904	904	?	The sack of the second city of the Byzantine Empire by a Muslim fleet under the command of Leo of Tripoli. In addition to the thousands killed, the Saracen fleet also took 20,000 Greek slaves.
Use of child soldiers in Iran during the Iran–Iraq war	6000	18000	10392	Iran	1980	1988	8 years	3% of two to six hundred thousand casualties.
Massacres during the Algerian Civil War	10000	10000	10000	Algeria	1991	2002	11 years
War crimes during the Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War	8085	8085	8085	Syria	September 2015	present	4 years	See also: Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War.
War crimes during the Balochistan conflict	7628	7628	7628	Balochistan, Pakistan	1937	present	81 years
September 11 attacks	2977	2977	2977	United States	September 11, 2001	September 11, 2001	1 day
War crimes during the War in Donbass	2000	2000	2000	Donbass, Ukraine	2014	present	4 years
Sabra and Shatila massacre	460	3500	1269	West Beirut, Lebanon	September 16, 1982	September 18, 1982	2 days	Massacre of a Palestinian refugee camp by Lebanese Christians.
Fort Pillow massacre	235	235	235	Lauderdale County, Tennessee	April 12, 1864	April 12, 1864	1 day	Death toll includes both U.S. and Confederate dead. U.S. dead includes those both killed in combat and murdered by the Confederates afterwards.
Lawrence massacre	204	204	204	Douglas County, Kansas	August 21, 1863	August 21, 1863	1 day	Death toll includes both U.S. and Confederate dead. Deadliest terrorist attack in U.S. history until the Oklahoma City bombing of 1995.

Genocides, ethnic cleansing, and mass ethnic and/or religious persecution

This section lists events that entail the mass murder of individuals on the basis of race, religion, or ethnicity.

Political purges and repressions

This section lists events that entail the mass killings of political opposition.
See also: Red Terror, White Terror, and Politicide.

Event	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Geometric mean estimate	Location	From	Until	Duration	Notes
Mass killings of landlords under Mao Zedong	200000	6000000	4732864	People's Republic of China	1947	1951	4 years	Millions of landlords were killed during land reforms before the formation of the People's Republic of China because they were seen as class enemies. See also: Struggle session
Cultural Revolution	400000	10000000	2000000	People's Republic of China	1966	1976	10 years	The Cultural Revolution, formally the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement that took place in the People's Republic of China from 1966 until 1976. Set into motion by Mao Zedong, then Chairman of the Communist Party of China, its stated goal was to preserve 'true' Communist ideology in the country by purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society. See also: Struggle session
Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66	500000	3000000	1224745	Indonesia	1965	1966	1 year	Massacres of people connected to the Indonesian Communist Party were carried out in 1965–66 by the Indonesian Army and associated death squads with support from Western powers such as the United States. Death tolls are difficult to estimate, but it is widely accepted by scholars that roughly 1 million people were killed.
Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries	712000	2000000	1193315	People's Republic of China	1950	1951	1 year	The Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries was the first political campaign launched by the People's Republic of China designed to eradicate opposition elements, especially former Kuomintang functionaries accused of trying undermine the new Communist government.
Great Purge	681692	1704230	1077850	Soviet Union	1936	1938	2 years	The Great Purge or Great Terror was a period of intense political repression in the Soviet Union including execution and forced labor through the Gulag system.
White Terror	300000	300000	300000	Former Russian Empire	1917	1923	6 years	Political repression by the White movement during the Russian Civil War.
White Terror	150000	400000	244949	Spain during and after the Spanish Civil War	1936	1945	9 years	In Spain, the White Terror was the series of acts of politically motivated violence, rape, and other crimes committed by the Nationalist movement during the Spanish Civil War and during Francisco Franco's dictatorship
Qey Shibir		750000	150000	People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia	1977	1978	1 year	Violent purge of those deemed Anti-Communist in Ethiopia.
Bodo League Massacre	100000	200000	141421	Korea	1950	1950	?	Massacre of communists and suspected communists during the summer of 1950, at the start of Korean War.
German suppression of the Freemasons	80000	200000	126491	German-occupied territory	1933	1945	12 years	The Nazi regime of Germany targeted Freemasons as they saw them as collaborators in a Jewish conspiracy.
Red Terror	10000	1500000	122474	Former Russian Empire during Russian Civil War	1918	1922	4 years	Political repression by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War.
1991 uprisings in Iraq	25000	180000	67082	Iraq	March the 1st, 1991	April the 5th, 1991	1 month and 4 days	The death toll of the uprising against Saddam Hussein's government during 1991 was high throughout the country. The rebels killed many Ba'athist officials and officers. In response, thousands of unarmed civilians were killed by indiscriminate fire from loyalist tanks, artillery and helicopters, and many historical and religious structures in the south were deliberately targeted under orders from Saddam Hussein. Saddam's security forces entered the cities, often using women and children as human shields, where they detained and summarily executed or "disappeared" thousands of people at random in a policy of collective responsibility. Many suspects were tortured, raped, or burned alive.
Operation Condor	50000	80000	63246	South America	1975	1983	8 years	A campaign of political repression by right-wing dictatorships in South America, sponsored by the United States.
Red Terror	38000	72344	52432	Spain during the Spanish Civil War	1936	1939	3 years	The Red Terror in Spain is the name given by historians to various acts of violence committed from 1936 until the end of the Spanish Civil War "by sections of nearly all the leftist groups".
Land Reform in Vietnam	13500	200000	51962	North Vietnam	1954	1956	2 years
Reign of Terror	16594	41594	26272	France during the French Revolution	1793	1794	1 year	The Reign of Terror was a period of violence that occurred after the onset of the French Revolution, incited by conflict between two rival political factions, the Girondins and The Jacobins, and marked by mass executions of "enemies of the revolution".
1982 Hama Massacre	10000	40000	20000	Hama, Syria	February 2, 1982	February 28, 1982	26 days	The Hama massacre occurred in February 1982, when the Syrian Arab Army and the Defense Companies, under the orders of the country's president Hafez al-Assad, besieged the town of Hama for 27 days in order to quell an uprising by the Muslim Brotherhood against al-Assad's government.
1932 Salvadoran peasant massacre	10000	40000	20000	El Salvador	January 22, 1932	July 11, 1932	6 months and 20 days	Many of the victims were indigenous people.
February 28 Incident	10000	30000	17320	Taiwan	1947	1947	?	Crackdown by the Kuomintang government that ushered in the White Terror era.
Dirty War	9000	30000	16432	Argentina	1976	1983	7 years	At least 9,000 people were tortured and killed in Argentina from 1976 to 1983, carried out primarily by the Argentinean military Junta.
Red and White terrors of the Finnish Civil War	11650	11650	11650	Finland	1918	1918	3 months, 2 weeks and 4 days	Both sides of the Finnish Civil War used Terrors where 10,000 were killed in the White Terror and 1,650 were killed in the Red Terror.
1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners	4482	30000	11596	Iran	1988	1988	5 months	Massacre of political prisoners in Iran.
White Terror	3000	4000	3464	Taiwan	1949	1987	38 years	An era of martial law in Taiwan in which 140,000 where imprisoned, and 3,000 to 4,000 were executed for real or perceived opposition to the Kuomintang.
1989 Tiananmen Square protests crackdown	241	10000	3000	Tiananmen Square, People's Republic of China	1989	1989	1 month, 2 weeks and 6 days	Crackdown of anti-government protest in the People's Republic of China.
Human rights violations in Pinochet's Chile	1200	3200	1960	Chile	1974	1990	16 years	1,200 to 3,200 alleged communists were executed, 80,000 were forcibly interned and 30,000 were tortured under the reign of Augusto Pinochet.

Forced labor, abuse of workers, and slave trades

This section lists deaths caused by poor labor conditions, executions for not performing labor satisfactorily, and deaths caused by mistreatment of the workforce both in transit and at work locations.

Event	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Geometric mean estimate	Location	From	Until	Duration	Notes
Arab slave trade	7545000	70000000	22981514	Middle East, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa	700s	1899	more than 1100 years	1500 to 1899: * 130,000 - 200,000 - 2,000,000 - 3.000.000 Other sources estimate as many as 70 million could have perished.
Laogai system	15000000	27000000	20124610	China	1945	1976	31 years	Laogai, the abbreviation for Láodòng Gǎizào, which means "reform through labor", is a slogan of the Chinese criminal justice system and has been used to refer to the use of penal labour and prison farms in the People's Republic of China, which once took up more than half of the world's slaves. Laogai is different from laojiao, or re-education through labor, which was an administrative detention for a person who was not a criminal but had committed minor offenses, and was intended to reform offenders into law-abiding citizens. Persons detained under laojiao were detained in facilities that were separate from the general prison system of laogai. Both systems, however, involved penal labor.
Atlantic Slave Trade	2000000	60000000	10954451	Africa, the Americas, and the Atlantic	1500s	1700s	200 years
Slavery in the Ottoman Empire	10500000	11250000	10868533	Eurasia, Middle East, North Africa	1450	1800	350 years	There is no concrete number for the number of people killed due to the Barbary Slave Trade. The method many people use is to estimate the mortality rate of slave raids and multiply them by the number people took as slaves. Scholars estimates 3 people were killed for every 1 slave abducted. Includes Barbary Slave Trade.
Atrocities in the Congo Free State	3000000	13000000	6244998	Congo Free State			23 years	Private forces under the control of Leopold II of Belgium carried out mass murders, mutilations, and other crimes against the Congolese in order to encourage the gathering of valuable raw materials, principally rubber. Significant deaths also occurred due to major disease outbreaks and starvation, caused by population displacement and poor treatment. Estimates of the death toll vary considerably because of the lack of a formal census before 1924, but a commonly cited figure of 10 million deaths was obtained by estimating a 50% decline in the total population during the Congo Free State and applying it to the total population of 10 million in 1924.
Gulag system	1053829	6000000	2514552	Soviet Union	1930s	1950s	20 years	Gulag is an acronym for the organization that administered the forced labor system in the Soviet Union that became a colloquialism in the west for the camps themselves. The system was used to punish criminals, political dissidents, and prisoners of war. There is a growing consensus among scholars that, based on archival data, the number of deaths in the gulag system fall within the range 1.5 to 1.7 million.
Forced labor in North Korea	400000	1500000	774597	North Korea	1972	ongoing	46 years
Hacienda peonage and chattel slavery	173000	2015000	590419	Mexico	1900	1920	20 years	R.J. Rummel, coiner of the word "Democide," estimated the mortality rate for Mexican Peonage, a form of debt labor, by comparing it to similar forced labor systems such as the Soviet Gulag, and then applying and reducing it accordingly to the population of Mexico at the time, coming up with an annual death rate of 69,000.
Forced labor of Koreans by Imperial Japan	270000	810000	467654	Korea and Manchuria	1939	1945	6 years
Slavery in the French colonial empire	200000	13000000	1612452	Africa	1900	1940	40 years
Slavery in Portugal	325000	325000	325000	Portuguese Empire	1900	1925	25 years
Barbary slave trade	245000	380000	305123	Italy, Spain, and Portugal	1500s	1600s	100 years	– Part of Slavery in the Ottoman Empire
Slavery during the Amazon rubber boom	250000	250000	250000	Amazon, Brazil	1900	1912	12 years
Construction of the Burma Railway	102621	102621	102621	Burma	1943	1947	4 years	Forced labour was used in the construction of the Burma Railway. More than 180,000 Southeast Asian civilian labourers and 60,000 Allied prisoners of war worked on the railway. Of these, estimates of Romusha deaths are little more than guesses, but probably about 90,000 died. 12,621 Allied POWs died during the construction. The dead POWs included 6,904 British personnel, 2,802 Australians, 2,782 Dutch, and 133 Americans.
Construction of the Suez Canal	30000	120000	67082	Egypt, and Sudan	1859	1868	9 years	French diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps had obtained many concessions from Isma'il Pasha, the Khedive of Egypt and Sudan in 1854–56 to build the Suez Canal. Some sources estimate the workforce at 30,000, but others estimate that 120,000 workers died over the ten years of construction due to malnutrition, fatigue, and disease, especially cholera.
Forced labor of Chinese contract workers in Peru	40000	50054	44746	Peru	1849	1874	26 years	80,000 to 100,000 Chinese contract laborers, 95% of which were Cantonese and almost all of which were male, were sent mostly to the sugar plantations from 1849 to 1874, during the termination of slavery. They were to provide continuous labor for the coastal guano mines and especially for the coastal plantations where they became a major labor force until the end of the century. While the coolies were believed to be reduced to virtual slaves, they also represented a historical transition from slave to free labor. A third group of Chinese workers was contracted for the construction of the railway from Lima to La Oroya and Huancayo. Chinese migrants were barred from using cemeteries reserved for Roman Catholics, and were instead buried at pre-Incan burial sites. Between 1849 and 1874 half the Chinese population of Peru perished due to abuse, exhaustion, and suicide caused by forced labor.
Forced labor of Allied POWs during World War II	35000	35000	35000	In and around the Pacific	1939	1945	6 years	According to the Japanese military's own record, nearly 25% of 140,000 Allied POWs died while interned in Japanese prison camps, where they were forced to work.
FIFA World Cup related abuses of Human rights in Qatar	1200	1800	1342	Qatar	2013	ongoing	5 years	Out of at least 100,000 laborers.

Anthropogenically exacerbated outbreaks of disease and famine

This section includes famines and disease outbreaks that were caused or exacerbated by human action.
Note: Some of these famines diseases were partially caused by nature.

Event	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Geom. mean estimate	Location	From	Until	Duration	Notes
Great Chinese Famine	11600000	55000000	25258662	China	1958	1962	4 years	During the Great Leap Forward under Mao Zedong tens of millions of Chinese starved to death. State violence during this period further exacerbated the death toll, and some 2.5 million people were beaten or tortured to death in connection with Great Leap policies.
Famine and disease caused by World War II	19000000	28000000	23065130	Worldwide	1939	1945	6 years	See also: World War II casualties
All famines in India under British influence		+		India	1757	1947	190 years	Up to 80 million Indians died of starvation while India was under British rule, either during the rule of the. Millions of tonnes of wheat were exported to Britain as famine raged. Forced cultivation of opium, ruthless taxation and the destruction of traditional industry contributed massively to these disasters.
Famine and disease caused by Japanese imperialism	8136000	14936000	11023579	Japanese Empire	1937	1945	8 years	Combined death tolls from famine and disease from China, Vietnam, Indonesia, and the Philippines.
Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–79	9000000	13000000	10816650	China	1876	1879	3 years	ENSO famine.
Great Bengal famine of 1770	10000000	10000000	10000000	British Bengal	1769	1773	4 years	The famine killed a third of the Bengali population at the time. It is attributed to the policies of the ruling British East India Company.
Russian famine of 1921 –22	5000000	10000000	7071072	Soviet Russia	1921	1922	1 year	May have been exacerbated by War Communism policies, but it is debatable to which extent. See also: Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union, and Russian Civil War, with its policy of War communism, especially prodrazvyorstka.
Famine and disease caused by the Second Sino-Japanese War	5000000	10000000	7071068	China	1937	1945	8 years	See also: World War II casualties.
Soviet famine of 1932–33	4400000	9100000	6327717	Soviet Union	1932	1933	1 year	The majority of famine victims were Ukrainian. Many nations, including Ukraine, regard the famine's effect in the Ukraine as a genocide against Ukraine, known as the Holodomor. 1.8 – 4.8 million: Ukraine 600,000 – 2.3 million: Kazakhstan 2 million: Elsewhere
Famine and disease caused by World War I	5411000	6100000	5745181	Worldwide	1914	1918	4 years	See also: World War I casualties.
Great Famine of 1876–78	6100000	10320000	8300000	British India	1876	1878	2 years	ENSO famine. See also: Late Victorian Holocausts.
Famine and disease caused by the Second Congo War	3800000	5400000	4529901	Africa	1998	2004	6 years	Majority of those who died in war perished from famine and disease.
Iranian famine of 1917–1919	2000000	10000000	4472136	Iran	1917	1919	3 years	The Persian famine of 1917–1919 was a period of widespread mass starvation and disease in Persia. The famine took place in the occupied territory of Iran that had declared neutrality. According to the estimates acknowledged, 2–10 million people died of hunger and disease. A variety of factors are commented to have caused and contributed to the famine such as war profiteering, and poor harvests but mainly requisitioning and confiscation of foodstuffs by the occupying Russian and British armies.
Bengal famine of 1943	3000000	4000000	3464100	British India	1943	1944	1 year	The Japanese conquest of Burma cut off India's main supply of rice imports, however, war-related administrative policies in British India ultimately helped to cause the massive death toll.
Indian famine of 1896–97 and the Indian famine of 1899–1900	8400000	19000000	13700000	British India	1896	1900	4 years	ENSO famines. See also: Late Victorian Holocausts.
Famine and diseased caused by the Biafran Blockade during Nigeria's Civil War	2000000	3000000	2449490	Nigeria	1967	1970	3 years	More than two million Igbo died from the famine imposed deliberately through blockades during the war. Lack of medicine also contributed. Thousands starved to death daily as the war progressed.
Famine and disease during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies	2400000	2400000	2400000	Indonesia	1944	1945	1 year	An estimated 2.4 million Indonesians starved to death during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia. The problem was partly caused by failures of the main 1944–45 rice crop, but the main cause was the compulsory rice purchasing system that the Japanese authorities put in place to secure rice for distribution to the armed forces and urban population.
Soviet famine of 1946–47	1000000	1500000	1224745	Soviet Union	1946	1947	1 year	Debated as to whether it was caused by war or government policy.
Great Irish Famine	750000	1500000	1060660	Ireland	1846	1849	3 years	Although blight ravaged potato crops throughout Europe during the 1840s, the impact and human cost in Ireland, where a third of the population was significantly dependent on the Irish Lumper potato for food, was exacerbated by a host of political, social and economic factors, which continue to remain the subject of historical debate.
Vietnamese Famine of 1945	400000	2000000	894427	Vietnam	1944	1945	1 year	The Japanese occupation during World War II caused the famine in North Vietnam.
Cambodian Holocaust Famine	800000	950000	871780	Cambodia	1975	1979	4 years	An estimated 2 million Cambodians lost their lives to murder, forced labor, and famine, perpetrated by the Khmer Rouge, nearly half of which was caused by forced starvation. Came to an end due to invasion by Vietnam in 1979.
1983–85 famine in Ethiopia	400000	1000000	632456	Ethiopia	1983	1985	2 years	The famines that struck Ethiopia between 1961 and 1985, especially the one of 1983–1985, were in large part created by government policies.
Famine and disease during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines	336000	336000	336000	Philippines	1942	1945	3 years	See also: World War I casualties.
North Korean famine	240000	420000	330000	North Korea	1994	1998	4 years	The famine stemmed from a variety of factors. Economic mismanagement and the loss of Soviet support caused food production and imports to decline rapidly. A series of floods and droughts exacerbated the crisis, but were not its direct cause. The North Korean government and its centrally-planned system proved too inflexible to effectively curtail the disaster. Recent research suggests the likely number of excess deaths between 1993 and 2000 was about 330,000.
Cuban War of Independence Famine	300000	300000	300000	Cuba	1895	1898	3 years	Most of dead in this war perished from famine and disease.
Great Famine of Mount Lebanon	200000	200000	200000	Mount Lebanon, Ottoman Empire	1915	1918	3 years	Around 200,000 people starved to death at a time when the population of Mount Lebanon was estimated at 400,000. The Mount Lebanon famine caused the highest fatality rate by population of World War I. Bodies were piled in the streets, and people were reported to be eating street animals, while some resorted to cannibalism.
1998 Sudan famine	70000	70000	70000	Sudan	1998	1998	?	The famine was caused almost entirely by human rights abuse and the war in Southern Sudan.
Famine in Yemen	50000	50000	50000	Yemen	2016	present	2 years	The famine was triggered by Saudi Arabia's intervention into the Yemeni Civil War, which is backed by Western powers including the United States. Around 13 million people, or roughly half of the country's population, is facing starvation in what the UN calls "the worst famine in the world in 100 years".

Anthropogenically exacerbated floods and landslides

These are floods and landslides that have been partially caused by humans, for example by failure of dams, levees, seawalls or retaining walls.

Event	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Geom. mean estimate	Location	From	Until	Duration	Notes
1931 China floods	2,500,000	3,700,000	3,041,381	China			?
1887 Yellow River flood	900,000	2,000,000	1,341,641	China			?
1938 Yellow River flood	500,000	700,000	591,608	China			?
Flight of the Boat People	200,000	560,000	334,664	Gulf of Thailand and Pacific Ocean	1978	1979	1 year
1935 Yangtze river flood	145,000	145,000	145,000	China			?
St. Felix's Flood, storm surge	more than 100,000	more than 100,000	100,000	Netherlands			?
Hanoi and Red River Delta flood	100,000	100,000	100,000	North Vietnam			?
1911 Yangtze river flood	100,000	100,000	100,000	China			?
The failure of 62 dams in Zhumadian Prefecture, Henan, the largest of which was Banqiao Dam, caused by Typhoon Nina.	26,000	230,000	77,330	China	August 1975	August 1975	?
St. Lucia's flood, storm surge	50,000	80,000	63,246	Netherlands, England			?
Vargas Tragedy, landslide	10,000	50,000	22,361	Venezuela			?
North Sea flood, storm surge	2,400	2,400	2,400	Netherlands, Scotland, England, Belgium	January 31, 1953	January 31, 1953	1 day
Johnstown Flood	2,209	2,209	2,209	Pennsylvania	May 31, 1889	May 31, 1889	1 day

Human sacrifice and suicide

This section lists deaths from the practice of human sacrifice or suicide.

Event	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Geom. mean estimate	Location	From	Until	Duration	Notes
Human sacrifice in Aztec culture	20000	5000000	316228	Mexico	14th century		200 years	Skull racks: 60,000 to 136,000 See also: Aztecs
Human sacrifice in Shang dynasty China	13000	13000	13000	China	1300 BC	1050 BC	250 years	Last 250 years of rule
Suicide bombings during the Iraq War	12284	18000+	12284	Iraq			Ongoing	See also: Iraqi insurgency and Iraqi Civil War
Sati ritual suicides	7941	7941	7941	India			13 years
Kamikaze suicide pilots	3912	3912	3912	Pacific theatre			1 year	See also: Empire of Japan
Mass suicide at Masada	967	967	967	Masada	Spring 73 CE	Spring 73 CE	?
Jonestown	909	909	909					Jim Jones
Palestinian suicide attacks	804	804	804	Israel and Palestine	July 6, 1989	April 18, 2016	27 years	May only include victims

Riots and political unrest

Riots and incidents where at least 100 people died are listed here.

Event	Victims	Country	Locale	Date
Partition of India and Pakistan	200,000–2,000,000	British India	Punjab and Bengal
La Violencia	200,000–300,000	Colombia	Country-wide	–1960
1959 Tibetan uprising	85,000–87,000	Tibet, China	Lhasa
Nika riots	30000	Byzantium	Constantinople	532
La semaine sanglante	6,667–20,000	France	Paris
February 28 Incident	10,000–30,000	China	Taiwan
Jeju Uprising	14,000–30,000	Southern Korea, present-day South Korea	Jeju island
August Uprising	13,000–15,500	Soviet Union	Georgia
1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising	10,000–40,000	El Salvador
Romanian Peasants' Revolt	10,000–20,000	Romania
Kronstadt rebellion	10000	Russia	Kronstadt
1984 anti-Sikh riots	2,800–8,000	India	New Delhi
March 1st Movement	7500	Japanese Korea, present-day South Korea	Seoul
Second Intifada	4,179–4,354	Israel/Palestinian territories		–2005
Pitchfork Uprising	3800	Russia
Iranian Revolution	2781	Iran
8888 Uprising	3,000–10,000	Burma/Myanmar		–1993
First Intifada	2204	Israel/Palestinian territories
Banana Massacre	47–2,000	Colombia	Ciénaga
Santa María School massacre	2300	Chile	Iquique
Assam Movement	2191+	India	Assam	–1985
1994 South African transitional violence	1652	South Africa
Romanian Revolution of 1989	1104	Romania	Bucharest and major cities
2009 Boko Haram uprising	1000+	Nigeria	States of Bauchi, Borno, Yobe, and Kano
May 1998 riots of Indonesia	1,000–1,200	Indonesia	Jakarta, Medan, Surakarta
2008 Kenyan election protests	1000	Kenya
Caracazo	276–2000	Venezuela	Caracas
2005 Togolese democracy protests	500–1,000	Togo
1989 Bhagalpur violence	1000	India	Bhagalpur district, Bihar
1905 Bloody Sunday	132–4,000	Russia	Saint Petersburg
2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes	893	Kyrgyzstan
Iranian pilgrim riot	400	Saudi Arabia	Mecca
Jallianwala Bagh massacre	379–1,526	British India	Amritsar
Telangana movement	360+	India	Hyderabad
Tunisian Revolution	338	Tunisia		–2011
Tiananmen Square protests of 1989	300–10,454	China	Beijing
Kengir uprising	700	Soviet Union	Kazakhstan
2018–2020 Nicaraguan protests	317	Nicaragua	Country-wide
Gordon Riots	285	Great Britain
1929 Palestine riots	249	British Mandate for Palestine
2018–19 Sudanese protests	229+	Sudan	Nationwide	–2019
Military Police of Espírito Santo strike	215	Brazil	Espírito Santo
Ürümqi race riots	197+	China	Xinjiang
13 May incident	196	Malaysia	Kuala Lumpur
Andijan massacre	187–1,500	Uzbekistan	Andijan
2017 Venezuelan protests	165	Venezuela	Nationwide
2009 Guinea protests	157	Guinea	Conakry
Gwangju Uprising	144–2,000	South Korea	Gwangju
Durban riots	142	South Africa	Durban
2017 Brazil prison riots	140+	Brazil
Muhammad cartoon riots	139	Nigeria, Libya, Pakistan, and Afghanistan
Khartoum massacre	128	Sudan	Khartoum
Tana River District clashes	118	Kenya	Tana River District	–2013
Carandiru massacre	111	Brazil	São Paulo
Euromaidan	121–797	Ukraine	Kiev
Carandiru massacre	111	Brazil	São Paulo
New York City draft riots	119–120	United States	New York City
Georgian de-Stalinization riots	22–100	Georgia	Country-wide
Napoleon's "whiff of grapeshot"	100	France	Paris

List of prisons, concentration, and extermination camps by death toll

This section lists deaths that occurred in particular prisons, concentration and/or extermination camps, deaths are from both the conditions within the camps and from the active murder/execution of prisoners.

Event	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Geometric mean estimate	Location	From	Until	Duration	Notes
Auschwitz concentration camp	800000	1500000	1095445	Oświęcim, Poland	1940	1945	5 years
Treblinka extermination camp	700000	1000000	836660	Treblinka, Poland	1942	1943	1 year
Bełżec extermination camp	480000	600000	536656	Bełżec, Poland	1942	1943	1 year
Jasenovac concentration camp	100000	700000	264575	Croatia	1941	1945	4 years
Kolyma	130000	500000	254951	Kolyma, Soviet Union	1932	1954	22 years
Stutthof concentration camp	85000	85000	85000	Stutthof, Poland	1939	1945	6 years	See also: Second World War
Stara Gradiška concentration camp	12790	75000	30972	Croatia	1941	1945	4 years	Primarily for women and children.
Tuol Sleng	17000	17000	17000	Phnom Penh, Cambodia	1975	1979	4 years
Camp Sumter	13171	13171	13171	Andersonville, Georgia, United States	1864	1865	1 year
Crveni Krst concentration camp	12000	12000	12000	Niš, Serbia	1941	1944	3 years
Tammisaari prison camp	2963	2963	2963	Tammisaari, Finland	1918	1918	4 months
Elmira Prison	2963	2963	2963	Elmira, New York, U.S.	1864	1865	1 year
Shark Island concentration camp	1032	4000	2032	Luderitz, German South-West Africa	1905	1907	2 years	The minimum death toll is out of a camp population of 1,795 people, and the maximum total includes those who died in the Luderitz area.

List of political leaders and regimes by death toll

This section lists deaths attributed to certain political leaders, deaths are from both the conditions within the country due to national policy, and active killings by forces loyal to the leader in question.

Leader	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Geom. mean estimate	Location	From	Until	Duration	Notes
Mao Zedong		+		China	1946	1976	30 years	Critics of Mao Zedong have argued Mao's China saw unprecedented losses of human life through inhuman economic policies such as the Great Leap Forward, slave labor through the Laogai, violent political purges such as the Cultural Revolution the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries, and class extermination through land reform The estimate of the minimum death toll is the sum of the minimum estimate of famine dead, land reform dead, Counterrevolutionaries dead, and Cultural Revolution dead plus the minimum killed in the 1959 Tibetan uprising and the minimum Chinese deaths in his campaign in the Korean war,.
Genghis Khan and his successors Timur		+		Eurasia	1206	1405	199 years	Due to the lack or records and the large time span in which they occurred, estimates of the violence associated with the conquests of the Mongol Empire and its predecessor states vary considerably Without including the spread of the plague to Europe, it is possible that up to 40 million people may have perished in Eurasia during Genghis Khan and his successors' conquests, primarily due to disease and starvation brought about by the invasions and massacres, and up to 17 million more during Timur's reign.
Adolf Hitler	13518250	45000000	26500000	German-occupied Europe	1934	1945	11 years	The estimate includes The Holocaust against the Jews, plus the genocide and mass murder of Gypsies, Serbs, East Slavs, the disabled, homosexuals, Freemasons, POWs, and the Jehovah's Witnesses 4,900,000 to 6,200,000 Jews killed 7,405,000 to 17,244,692 killed by Generalplan Ost and Hunger Plan * 2,470,000 to 11,149,692 Non Jewish and Roma Soviet civilians killed ** * 3,135,000 to 3,325,000 Non-Jewish Soviet POWs killed by Nazis * 1,800,000 to 2,770,000 Poles and other Non-Jews killed by Nazis in Poland 130,000 to 500,000 killed in Porajmos 300,000 to 600,000 Serbians killed by the Ustaše 300,000 Great Famine 275,000 to 300,000 killed in Aktion T4 80,000 to 200,000 killed in Elimination of Freemasons 77,000 members of German resistance against Nazism executed 20,000 to 25,000 Slovenes 18,000 to 22,000 Dutch famine of 1944–45 7,000 Spanish Republican killed 5,000 to 15,000 Homosexuals killed 1,250 to 5,000 Jehovah's Witnesses killed
Chiang Kai-Shek	5965000	18522000	10511124	China	1928	1946	18 years	Primarily from conscription campaigns but also grain confiscations and other atrocities.
Joseph Stalin	3300000	15000000	8990772	Soviet Union	1922	1953	31 years	R.J. Rummel is one of the few who gives a much higher estimate for Stalin's regime, around 40 million deaths. The millions killed by the regime of Joseph Stalin through famine, purges, labor camps, population transfer, deportations, and NKVD massacres. The minimum death toll uses the minimum post-archive calculations from after the fall of the Soviet regime of those not killed in famine which range from four to ten million Robert Conquest, writer of the book The Great Terror, first stated an estimate of 30 million, then a few years later lowering it to 20 million, and finally saying that no fewer than 15 million perished during the entire history of the USSR. Following the collapse of the USSR and the opening of the archives, scholars have reached lower death tolls. The minimum death toll uses the minimum post-archive calculations from after the fall of the Soviet regime of those not killed in famine Timothy D. Snyder in 2011 said that Stalin approximately killed 6 million to 9 million see also Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin
Hirohito		26000000+	14000000	In and around East and South East Asia, Oceania and the Pacific	1926	1945	19 years	If total casualties for these conflicts are assigned exclusively to Japanese aggression, the toll could reach some 30 million deaths. See also: Japanese war crimes and Casualties of World War II
Leopold II of Belgium	3000000	13000000	6244998	Congo Free State			13 years	Private forces under the control of Leopold II of Belgium carried out mass murders, mutilations, and other crimes against the Congolese in order to encourage the gathering of valuable raw materials, principally rubber. Significant deaths also occurred due to major disease outbreaks and starvation, caused by population displacement and poor treatment. Estimates of the death toll vary considerably due to the lack of a formal census before 1924, but a commonly cited figure of 10 million deaths was obtained by estimating a 50% decline in the total population during the Congo Free State and applying it to the total population of 10 million in 1924. See also: Atrocities in the Congo Free State
Ranavalona I	2500000	2500000	2500000	Madagascar	1829	1842	13 years	Putting an end to most foreign trade relationships, Ranavalona I pursued a policy of self-reliance, made possible through frequent use of the long-standing tradition of fanompoana—forced labor in lieu of tax payments in money or goods. Ranavalona continued the wars of expansion conducted by her predecessor, Radama I, in an effort to extend her realm over the entire island, and imposed strict punishments on those who were judged as having acted in opposition to her will. Due in large part to loss of life throughout the years of military campaigns, high death rates among fanompoana workers, and harsh traditions of justice under her rule, the population of Madagascar is estimated to have declined from around 5 million to 2.5 million between 1833–39, and from 750,000 to 130,000 between 1829–42 in Imerina. These statistics have contributed to a strongly unfavorable view of Ranavalona's rule in historical accounts.
Pol Pot	1386734	3400000	2171381	Cambodia	1975	1979	4 years	Deaths due to arbitrary torture, execution, starvation, and forced labor among the population of Cambodia under the rule of Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge, including both killings of ethnic Khmer as well as a genocide of religious and ethnic minorities by the Khmer Rouge. Minimum death toll is the number of corpses found in the Killing Fields.See also: Cambodian genocide
The Young Turks	1489000	2810000	2045505	Ottoman Empire	1913	1922	9 years	Under the Young Turks' regime that took powerin 1908, the Ottoman Empire committed various genocides and ethnic cleansings. The death toll is derived from the sum of the death tolls of the Armenian Genocide, Assyrian Genocide, Greek Genocide, ethnic cleansing of the Thracian Bulgarians in 1913, and the Great Famine of Mount Lebanon.
Omar al-Bashir	1063000	2530000	1639936	Sudan	1989	2019	29 years	1 to 2 million: Second Sudanese Civil War 63,000 to 530,000: Darfur genocide
Kim Il-sung, Kim Jong-il, and Kim Jong-un	710000	3500000	1576388	North Korea	1948	present	70 years	North Korea continues to be one of the most repressive governments in the world. Over two-hundred thousand people are interned in concentrations camps for being political dissidents or being related to political dissidents. They are subject to slavery, torture, starvation, shootings, gassing, and human experimentation. See also: Human rights in North Korea
Suharto	240500	3418000+	906658+	Indonesia	1965	1998	33 years	65/66 Politicide: 78,500 to 3,000,000 "communists" East Timor Atrocities: 60,000 to 308,000 East Timorese West Papua Atrocities: 100,000 papuans Petrus Killings: 2,000 to 10,000 suspected criminals
Mengistu Haile Mariam	225000	2000000	670820	Ethiopia	1977	1987	10 years
Saddam Hussein	200000	2000000	632456	Iraq	1979	2003	24 years	see Human rights in Saddam Hussein's Iraq#Number of victims
Oliver Cromwell	200000	600000	400000	Ireland	1649	1653	4 years	The Parliamentarian reconquest of Ireland was brutal, and Cromwell is still a hated figure in Ireland. The extent to which Cromwell, who was in direct command for the first year of the campaign, was responsible for the atrocities is debated to this day. Some historians argue that the actions of Cromwell were within the then-accepted rules of war, or were exaggerated or distorted by later propagandists. These arguments, in turn, have been challenged by others.
Ante Pavelić and Nikola Mandić	300000	1088000	571314	Croatia	1941	1945	4 years	See also: Independent State of Croatia
Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Cong	145225	1082000	396401	Vietnam	1954	2000	46 years	95,000: re-education camps 13,500–200,000: land reform 36,725 to 227,000: war crimes 200,000 to 560,000: boat people The minimum death toll is the same of minimum estimates for war crimes, re-education camps, and land reform. The maximum death toll is the combination of the maximum estimated death toll of land reform, war crimes, re-education camps and boat people, which may or may not be attributable to the regime.
Benito Mussolini	158000	628000	314998	Italy, Libya, Ethiopia, Yugoslavia, Greece	1922	1945	24 years	80,000 to 125,000 or over 1/4 of the Cyrenaican Pacification of Libya Ethiopia in which 62,000 to 485,000 Second Italo-Abyssinian War 11,000 War crimes in Greece 5,000 to 7,000. War crimes in Yugoslavia
Francisco Franco	195000	265000	227321	Spain, Austria, and Russia	1939	1975	36 years	Diseases and starvation: 130,000 Repression: 30,000–100,000 Prison camps: 20,000 Spanish Maquis: 5,548 World War II: 5,000 Blue Division: Casualties in the Russo-German conflict totalled 22,700. In action against the Blue Division, the Red Army suffered 49,300 casualties.
Idi Amin	100000	500000	223607	Uganda	1971	1979	8 years	Idi Amin's rule of Uganda saw excessive and egregious human rights abuses toward ethnic minorities and political opposition, earning him the nickname "The Butcher of Uganda."
Josip Broz Tito	60000	802000	219363	Yugoslavia	1944	1980	36 years
Communist rule in Romania, various leaders	60000	435000	161555	Romania	1945	1989	44 years	Total does not take into account the Romanian orphans who perished under Nicolae Ceaușescu's policies.
FRELIMO	83000	250000	144049	Communist Mozambique	1975	1999	24 years	See also: Mozambican Civil War
Ivan the Terrible	60000	260000	124900	Russian Empire	1533	1584	51 years
Siad Barre	50000	200000	100000	Somalia	1988	1991	3 years	See also: Isaaq genocide
Bashar al-Assad	100000	585000	342500	Syria	2011	present	9 years	See also: Syrian Civil War
King Salman	85000	85000	85000	Saudi Arabia	2016	present	3 years	See also: Famine in Yemen
Communist rule in Bulgaria, various leaders	31000	220000	81240	Bulgaria	1944	1989	45 years	Collectivization and political repression in Bulgaria.
Henry VIII	72000	72000	72000	England	1509	1547	38 years
Vlad III	43903	100000	66259	Wallachia	1456	1462	6 years
Communist rule in Czechoslovakia, various leaders	65000	65000	65000	Czechoslovakia	1948	1968	20 years	See also: Communist repression in Czechoslovakia
Francisco Macías Nguema	50000	80000	63246	Equatorial Guinea	1968	1979	11 years	Macías Nguema is regarded as one of the most kleptocratic, corrupt, and dictatorial leaders in post-colonial African history. Sources vary, but he was responsible for the deaths of anywhere from 50,000 to 80,000 of the 300,000 to 400,000 people living in the country at the time.
Rafael Trujillo	50000	50000	50000	Dominican Republic	1930	1938	8 years
François Duvalier	30000	60000	42426	Haiti	1957	1971	14 years	Duvalier's rule based on a purged military, a rural militia known as the, and the use of cult of personality, resulted in the murder of 30,000 to 60,000 Haitians, and the exile of many more.
Hissène Habré	40000	40000	40000	Chad	1982	1990	8 years	In May 2016, Hissène Habré was found guilty of human-rights abuses, including rape, sexual slavery, and ordering the killing of 40,000 people. He was sentenced to life in prison. He is the first former head of state to be convicted for human rights abuses in the court of another nation.
Communist rule in Cuba, various leaders	9240	92400	29219	Cuba	1976	present	42 years	Human rights in Cuba are under the scrutiny of Human Rights Watch, which accuses the Cuban government of systematic human rights abuses. This includes offenses such as arbitrary imprisonment, unfair trials, and extrajudicial execution. See also: Human rights in Cuba
Ruhollah Khomeini and Ali Khemenei	10482	48000	22431	Iran	1979	present	39 years	4,482 to 30,000 in P.O.C. massacre 6,000 to 18,000 child soldiers killed
Communist rule in Poland, various leaders	22000	22000	22000	Communist Poland	1945	1989	44 years	See also: Communist Repression in Poland
Tomás de Torquemada	2000	124621	15787	Spanish Empire	1480	1498	18 years	Minimum death toll only includes lowest estimate of those burned at the stake, whereas the maximum death toll also includes those who died from hunger and torture.
Various leaders	7000	27000	13748	Hungary	1948	1956	8 years	Minimum death toll does not take into account those out of the 150,000 who perished in concentration camps, and only counts the 5,000 alleged spies and 2,000 party members executed, noting that 5,000 spies came from only 98,000 out of 700,000 alleged spies. See also: Communist Repression in Hungary
Enver Hoxha	5000	28000	11832	Albania	1941	1985	44 years
South African Apartheid, various leaders	18997	21000	19999	South Africa and Namibia	1948	1994	46 years	Maximum death toll does not include deaths from the South African Border War.
Ferdinand Marcos	3257	80000	16142	Philippines	1965	1986	21 years	The conservative estimate is recorded from 1975 to 1985, while the maximum estimate is recorded from 1965 to 1976. Also Includes those from the Moro conflict.
Tiberius	9500	9500	9500	Ancient Rome	14	37	23 years
Caligula	9000	9000	9000	Ancient Rome	37	41	4 years
Johnny Paul Koroma	6000	6000	6000	Sierra Leone	1997	1998	1 year
Nero	5750	5750	5750	Ancient Rome	54	68	14 years
Jean-Bedel Bokassa	100	90000	3000	Central African Republic	1966	1976	10 years	It was found that Bokassa personally oversaw the massacre of 100 school children.
Claudius	2935	2935	2935	Ancient Rome	41	54	13 years
Communist rule in East Germany, various leaders	327	1500	929	East Germany	1949	1989	40 years	See also: Berlin Wall deaths

Other lists organized by death toll

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