Liturgical book
A liturgical book, or service book, is a book published by the authority of a church body that contains the text and directions for the liturgy of its official religious services.
Roman Catholic
In the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church, the primary liturgical books are the Roman Missal, which contains the texts of the Mass, and the Roman Breviary, which contains the text of the Liturgy of the Hours. With the 1969 reform of the Roman Missal by Pope Paul VI, now called the "Ordinary Use of the Roman Rite", the Scriptual readings were expanded considerably, requiring a separate book, known as the Lectionary. The Roman Ritual contains the texts of the sacraments other than the Mass, such as baptism, the sacrament of penance, the anointing of the sick, and the sacrament of marriage. The texts for the sacraments and ceremonies only performed by bishops, such as confirmation and Holy Orders, are contained within the Roman Pontifical. The Caeremoniale Episcoporum describes in greater detail than the ordinary liturgical books the ceremonies involved when a bishop presides over the celebration of Mass, the celebration of the Liturgy of the Hours or of the Word of God, particular Masses such as Candlemas, Palm Sunday or the Easter Vigil, the other sacraments, sacramentals, pastoral visitations etc. The Roman Martyrology gives an account of all the saints commemorated in the Church each day.Other Roman-Rite liturgical books include the Roman Gradual and the Gospel Book or Evangeliary.
The Catholic Church is composed of 23 Autonomous particular churches, the largest of which is the Latin or Western Church. The other 22 churches, are collectively called The Eastern Catholic Church, and use a variety of liturgical rites such as the Alexandrian Rite, Antiochene Rite, Armenian Rite, Byzantine Rite, and the East Syriac Rite among others.
While the Roman Rite of the Western Church is by far the most common liturgical rite found within the Latin Church, a number of local Western rites and uses also exist.
Byzantine Rite
The Rite of Constantinople, observed by the Orthodox Church and those Eastern Catholic Churches which follow the Byzantine Rite, represents one of the most highly developed liturgical traditions in Christendom. While the Roman Catholic Liturgy of the Hours may be published in a single-volume breviary, such a feat is hardly possible for the Byzantine Rite, which requires quite a large library of books to chant the daily services.The regular services chanted in the Constantinopolitan liturgical tradition are the Canonical Hours and the Divine Liturgy. There are, in addition, occasional services and intercessory or devotional services, which are not chanted on a daily basis, but according to need. The fixed portions of the services are called acolouthia, into which the sequences are inserted. The sequences can also be referred to as propers
The sequences are governed by the convergence of several liturgical cycles, including the Paschal Cycle and the Menaion.
Acolouthia
The fixed portions of the services are found in the following liturgical books:- Horologion, or Book of Hours, provides the fixed portions of the services as used by the reader and the chanters. For the sake of convenience, some small portions of the sequences are often included as well, such as feast day troparia, kontakia, and those portions which change according to the day of the week. The Horologion may also contain some devotional material such as the Prayers Before Communion, Thanksgiving After Communion, and Morning and Evening Prayers.
- Euchologion —Contains the fixed portions of the services which are said by the priest and deacon, as well as some of the variable portions which the clergy use, such as prokeimena and dismissals. The Great Euchologion contains the clergy parts of Vespers, Matins, the three Divine Liturgies, Compline and Midnight Office, the Lenten Hours. It also contains the complete services for the Sacred Mysteries, Funeral, Monastic Tonsure, Consecration of a Church, and other occasional services. For convenience, the contents of the Great Euchologion in the Slavic tradition have been divided up as follows:
- *Litourgicon —contains Vespers, Matins and the three Divine Liturgies
- *Archieratikon —contains the parts of services performed by a bishop
- *Euchologion —omits the portions contained in the Litourgicon and Archieratikon, and adds other minor acolouthia
Sequences
- Psalter - A book containing the 150 Psalms divided into Kathismata together with the Biblical Canticles which are chanted at Matins. The Psalter is used at Vespers and Matins, and normally contains tables for determining which Kathismata are to be read at each service, depending upon the day of the week and the liturgical season of the year.
- Octoechos - Literally, the Book of the "Eight Tones" or modes. This book contains an eight-week cycle, providing texts to be chanted for every day of the week at Vespers, Matins, Compline and the Midnight Office. Each week, the hymns are sung in a different liturgical Mode or Tone. The origins of this book go back to compositions by St. John Damascene.
- Menaion - A twelve-volume set which provides all liturgical texts for each day of the calendar year. The twelve volumes correspond to the months of the year. The liturgical year begins in September, so the first volume of the Menaion is September.
- Sticherarion was called a chant book usually with musical notation. It is subdivided in the stichera for the cycle of the fixed feasts according to the yearly cycle between September and August. The cycle of mobile feast is subdivided into two books. The first called Triodion contains the stichera sung during Lent and the Holy week, the second called Pentecostarion contains the post-paschal period between Easter and Pentecost, the weekly cycle after Pentecost until the Sunday of All Saints.
- *Triodion —Also called the Lenten Triodion. During Great Lent the services undergo profound changes. The Lenten Triodion contains propers for:
- **the Pre-Lenten Season
- **the Forty Days of Great Lent itself
- **Lazarus Saturday and Palm Sunday
- **Holy Week
- *Pentecostarion - This volume contains the propers for the period from Pascha to the Sunday of All Saints. This period can be broken down into the following periods:
- **Bright Week – The seven days from the Pascha through the following Saturday
- **Paschal Season – The period from Thomas Sunday until Ascension
- **Ascension and its Afterfeast
- **Pentecost and its Afterfeast
- **All Saints Sunday
- Synaxarion - The Synaxarion contains brief lives of the saints for each day of the year, usually read at Matins.
- Irmologion - Contains the Irmoi chanted at the Canon of Matins and other services.
- Gospel Book - Book containing the Gospel readings that are used at Matins, Divine Liturgy, and other services. Among the Greeks the Evangélion is laid out in order of the cycle of readings as they occur in the ecclesiastical year, with a section in the back providing the Gospel readings for Matins, Feasts and special occasions. In the Slavic usage, the Evangélion contains the four gospels in canonical order with annotations in the margin to indicate the beginning and ending of each reading.
- Epistle Book - Contains the readings from the Epistles and the Acts of the Apostles. It also contains the Prokeimenon and Alleluia verses that are chanted with the readings. The Apostól is laid out in the same manner as the Evangélion, depending on whether the book was prepared for the Greek or Slavic usage.
Other
- Typicon —The book which ties all of the above together. It contains all of the rubrics, i.e., the rules for the performance of the Divine Services, giving directions for every possible combination of the materials from the other liturgical books into the Daily Cycle of Services. Many churches also publish annual liturgical calendars which give detailed instructions from the Typicon which are specific to the concurrence of sequences for that particular year.
- Collections —There are numerous smaller anthologies available, taking portions from the books mentioned above, or from other sources. For instance, the Festal Menaion contains only those portions of the Menaion that have to do with the Great Feasts; and the General Menaion contains propers for each class of saints which may be employed when one does not have the propers for that particular saint; etc.
Assyrian
The books of the Church of the East, all in Syriac, are the Liturgy, the Gospel, Apostle and Lessons, the "Turgama", containing hymns sung by deacons at the liturgy, the David, "Khudhra", "Kash Kõl", "Kdham u-Wathar", "Gezza", Abu-Halim, "Bautha d'Ninwaie". The Baptism Office is generally bound up with the Liturgies. The "Taksa d'Siamidha" has the ordination services. The "Taksa d'Husaia" contains the office for Penance, the "Kthawa d'Burrakha" is the marriage service, the "Kahneita", the burial of clergy, the "Annidha" that of laymen. Lastly the "Khamis" and "Warda" are further collections of hymns. Naturally not every church possesses this varied collection of books. The most necessary ones are printed by the Anglican missionaries at Urmi for the "Nestorian" Christians. The Chaldean Catholic books are printed, some at Propaganda, some by the Dominicans at Mosul. A Chaldean "Breviary" was published in three vohunes at Paris in 1886–7, edited by Père Bedgan, a missionary of the Congrégation des Missions. The Malabar Christians deemed heretics by Rome use the traditional books of the Church of the East, and the "Uniate" Chaldean Catholics have books revised by the Synod of Diamper. The Malabar Catholic "Missal" was published at Rome in 1774, the "Ordo rituum et lectionum" in 1775.Coptic
The Coptic Books are the Euchologion, very often called Missal. This corresponds to the Byzantine Euchologion. The Coptic equivalent of the Horologion is the Agpeya. Then the Lectionary called Katamãrus; the Synaksãr, containing legends of saints; the "Deacon's Manual"; an Antiphonary ; the Psalter, Theotokia ; Doxologia; collections of hymns for the choir and a number of smaller books for the various other offices.The Coptic Orthodox Church has a very sumptuously printed set of their books, edited by Gladios Labib, published at Cairo.
These books were first grouped and arranged for the Coptic Catholic Church by Raphael Tuki, and printed at Rome in the eighteenth century. Their arrangement is obviously an imitation of that of the Latin service-books. Cyril II, the Uniate Coptic patriarch, published a "missal", "ritual", and "Holy Week book".
Ethiopian
The Ethiopian service books are, with the exception of the Eucharistic Liturgy, the least known of any. Hardly anything of them has been published, and no one seems yet to have made a systematic investigation of liturgical manuscripts in Abyssinia. Since the Ethiopic or Ge'ez Rite is derived from the Coptic, their books correspond more or less to the Coptic books.Peter the Ethiopian published the Liturgy with the baptism service and some blessings at the end of his edition of the Ethiopic New Testament. Various students have published fragments of the Rite in Europe, but these can hardly be called service-books.
Syrian
The Syriac Orthodox and Catholic-Syrian liturgical books have never been published as a whole. A fragment of the liturgy was published in Syriac and Latin at Antwerp by Fabricius Boderianus.The Syrian Catholics have a Euchologion, published at Rome in 1843, and a "Book of clerks used in the ecclesiastical ministries". The Divine Office, collected like a Breviary, was published at Mosul in seven volumes, the ferial office alone at Rome in 1853, and at Sharfi in the Lebanon. A Ritual – "Book of Ceremony" – for the Syrian Uniats is issued by the Jesuits at Beirut.
Maronite
The Maronites have an abundance of liturgical books for their divine liturgy. The Maronite Synod at Deir al-Luweize committed a uniform preparation of all their books to the patriarch These books are all referred to in Western or Latin terms. The Missal was published at Rome in 1592 and 1716, since then repeatedly, in whole or in part, at Beirut. Little books containing the Ordinary of the Liturgy with the Anaphora commonly used are issued by many Catholic booksellers at Beirut. The "Book of the Minister" was published at Rome in 1596 and at Beirut in 1888. The "Ferial Office", called Fard, "Burden" or "Duty", was issued at Rome in 1890, at Beirut in 1900. The whole Divine Office began to be published at Rome in 1666, but only two volumes of the summer part appeared. A Ritual with various additional prayers was issued at Rome in 1839. All Maronite books are in Syriac and Karshuni.Armenian
The Armenian Liturgical Books are quite definitely drawn up, arranged, and authorized. They are the only other set among Eastern Churches whose arrangement can be compared to those of the Byzantines. There are eight official Armenian service-books:- the Directory, or Calendar, corresponding to the Byzantine Typikon,
- the Manual of Mysteries of the Sacred Oblation,
- the Book of Ordinations, often bound up with the former,
- the Lectionary,
- the Hymn-book,
- the Book of Hours,
- the Book of Canticles,
- the Mashdotz, or Ritual.
Anglican
In the wake of the English Reformation, a reformed liturgy was introduced into the Church of England. The first liturgical book published for general use throughout the church was the Book of Common Prayer of 1549, edited by Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury.The work of 1549 was the first prayer book to contain the forms of service for daily and Sunday worship in English and to do so within a single volume; it included morning prayer, evening prayer, the Litany, and Holy Communion. The book included the other occasional services in full: the orders for baptism, confirmation, marriage, 'prayers to be said with the sick' and a funeral service. It set out in full the Epistle and Gospel readings for the Sunday Communion Service. Set Old Testament and New Testament readings for daily prayer were specified in tabular format as were the set Psalms; and canticles, mostly biblical, that were provided to be sung between the readings. Numerous editions have followed, and currently throughout the Anglican Communion, various Books of Common Prayer are published by the different Anglican provinces.
Other official books are published by the member churches for the official use of their churches, such as the Lectionary, Book of Occasional Services, etc.
Anglo-Catholic
In the late 1800s, as part of the Anglo-Catholic movement, the Anglican Missal was published, to provide a particular way, drawn from the Sarum Use, of celebrating the Eucharist according to Anglican liturgical tradition. Many Anglo-Catholic parishes use the Anglican Missal, or some variation of it such as the English Missal, for the celebration of the Eucharist. Variations include the Anglican Service Book and A Manual of Anglo-Catholic Devotion, and the directive books A Priest's Handbook by Dennis Michno and Ceremonies of the Eucharist by Howard E. Galley. All of these books are intended primarily for celebration of the Eucharist. They contain meditations for the presiding celebrant during the liturgy, and other material such as the rite for the blessing of palms on Palm Sunday, propers for special feast days, and instructions for proper ceremonial order. These books are used as a more expansively Catholic context in which to celebrate the liturgical use found in the Book of Common Prayer and related liturgical books.Lutheran
was in favor of preserving the Mass of the Church and, other than translating it into the vernacular language of the people, he made very few changes to the liturgy. Over the centuries since the days of the Reformation, the many diverging branches of Lutheran denominations – despite developing a wide swath of differing core beliefs, have maintained and cherished the liturgy and its ancient roots. Owing to its widespread diaspora of branches, and especially because of the wide variety of regional languages, customs, and beliefs, there have been many different books of Worship prepared and used by congregations worldwide.Besides the formal liturgy itself, Lutheran worship books usually contain the orders for the minor services during the week, such as Vespers, Morning Prayer, and Compline, along with large sections of hymns, Psalms, and prayers and other needed information for the correct following of the liturgical calendar.
One particular Lutheran hymnal, used by the Moderate/Liberal Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the largest Lutheran denomination in the U.S., is Evangelical Lutheran Worship. The ELW is also used by a few smaller denominations as well, but is mostly frowned upon by more conservative Lutheran bodies, which use their own versions.
Methodist
, the Anglican priest who was a principal leader of the early Methodist revival, wrote that When the Methodists in America were separated from the Church of England because of the American Revolution, John Wesley himself provided a revised version of The Book of Common Prayer called the Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America. Wesley's Sunday Service has shaped the official liturgies of the Methodists ever since. For this reason, Methodist liturgy is clearly Anglican in its character, though Methodists have generally allowed for more flexibility and freedom in how the liturgy is celebrated than is typical of Anglican churches.Today, the primary liturgical books of the United Methodist Church are The United Methodist Hymnal and The United Methodist Book of Worship, along with their non-English counterparts. These worship books contain the liturgies of the church that are generally derived from Wesley's Sunday Service and from the 20th Century liturgical renewal movement. They also contain the hymnody of the Church, which has always been an important part of Methodist worship.