Lobedu people


Balobedu is a southern African tribe and an ethnic group of the Northern Sotho group. They were initially known as BaKwebo.The name "bolobedu" means place of tribute, go loba/lobela. Hence BaLobedu are people who receive tribute from others.They have their own kingdom, the Balobedu Kingdom, within the Limpopo Province of South Africa with a female ruler, the Rain Queen Modjadji.
The population of BaLobedu numbers around 2 million. It is estimated that around 30%-40% of Northern Sotho speakers are of Lobedu ethnicity. Their population is distributed in around Mopani and Vhembe regions of Limpopo. Some are found in Gauteng as labour migrants especially in Tembisa and Alexandra townships. The majority of Northern Sotho people living in Tembisa are BaLobedu.

Language

Their language is known as Lobedu, KheLobedu, which is a "non-Pedi" dialect of Northern Sotho. Khelobedu is grammatically similar to other Sotho–Tswana languages. Mutual intelligibility between these TshiVenda dialects and Khelovedu is so high that speakers of these Venda dialects can effectively communicate with Khelobedu speakers without difficulty. A TshiGuvhu speaker can understand a Khelobedu speaker so easily, or vice versa, Khelobedu could easily have been classified as a Venda dialect or an independent language. For example, Northern Sotho and its parent dialect Sepedi have a higher mutual intelligibility with Southern Sotho and Setswana than with Khelobedu.
Most Khelobedu speakers only learn to speak Northern Sotho at school, as such Northern Sotho is only a second or third language and foreign to them like English and Afrikaans. Until recently, Khelobedu existed only in an unwritten form, and the standard Northern Sotho language and orthography was usually used for teaching and writing. As of 2018, a Khelovedu dictionary is being compiled and a specific Khilobedu orthography is also in the process of being developed.

Subgroups

There are three sub-groups of the Lobedu:
The Balobedu originally migrated south from present day Zimbabwe to their present location in South Africa. The central tribal village is Khethakoni in the district of Balobedu. These Kalanga migrants consisted of the Mokwebo, who are the ancestors of all wild pig clans like Mamabolo Ramafalo and Modjadji, the Nengwekhulu, who are ancestors of all elephant clans and the Ramabulana, ancestors of the other elephant clans, are also uncles of the Nengwekhulus. All BaLobedu are descended from these three groups BaKwebo, Nengwekhulu and Ramabulana. The rest of the people are descendants of East Sotho or BaLaudi refugees and indigenous South Venda groups like BaNgona. As a results the most common animal totems among BaLobedu are the wild pig and the elephant.
The wild pig clans are the Modjadji, Mohale, Modika, Mahasha, Mabulana, Mohale, Mokwebo, Mampeule, Molokwane, Thobela and Ramafalo all this are descendants of the ancient Mokwebo royal house. All Chiefs in Bolobedu are of the wild pig clans with the exception of the chiefs of Taulome who are Dinoko. The elephant clan are Rabothata, Selowa, Shai, Matlou, Mabulana and Maenetja, these are the descendants of the ancient royal house of Nengwekhulu.
The BaLobedu are more closely related to the Lozwi Kingdom started by Dlembeu. As they were migrating southward, another splinter went South-East. The Northern Lozwi or Lozi are found in the present day Southern province of Zambia. They settled alongside the Zambezi River Banks day establish it as Musioa-thunya, present day Victoria falls. They have the praise lines Sai/Shai and Dewa, and call themselves the people of Thobela, which is the same as the Lozvi/Kalanga. The rainmaking powers of Queen Modjadji are also synonymous with the Njelele Shrine in SiLozvi and it is therefore accepted that there is an intertwining of their history with the rest of the Lozvi. Linguists have listed Lobedu together with Kalanga, Nambya, Venda, Lemba, Shankwe, Nyubi and Karanga, as a language of the Lozvi, and consequently connects them to their history. Their rainmaking history is tied to that of the Banyai in northern Matabeleland and. Kalanga in southern Matabeleland and there are two areas called Njelele in Matabeleland.

Traditions

Balobedu have their own traditional dances called khekhapa for women and dinaka for men. Dinaka is a traditional dance of all the Northern Sotho speaking people covering such areas as gaSekhukhune, gaDikgale and Bolobedu.
Balobedu have a male initiation ceremony called Moroto. The female initiation ceremony is called Dikhopa.
Balobedu have their own way of praising and talking to their God through Dithugula. They sit next to a traditionally designed circle in their homes and start calling the names of their ancestors.

Traditional rulers

The Lobedu have female rulers known as "Rain Queens". The queen is believed to have powers to make rain. The Balobedu Kingdom consists of a number of small groups tied together by their queen. On 12 June 2005, Queen Makobo Modjadji died, leaving no clear successor acceptable to all members of the Queen's Council. The late queen's brother has served as regent since then.
The area of Balobedu consists of around 150 villages and every village has a male or female ruler who represents Modjadji, the rain queen.
The Rain Queen was historically known as an extremely powerful magician who was able to bring rain to her friends and drought to her enemies. Visitors to the area always brought her gifts and tribute, including cattle and their daughters as wives, to appease her so that she would bring rain to their regions. The name Lobedu is thought to derive from this practice, referring to the daughters or sisters who were lost to their families. The rain queen extends her influence through her wives, because they link her politically to other families or villages.
The Rain Queen was referenced in literature as a basis for H. Rider Haggard's novel She.

List of rulers of Balobedu

  1. Queen Maselekwane Modjadji I
  2. Queen Masalanabo Modjadji II
  3. Queen Khesethoane Modjadji III
  4. Queen Makoma Modjadji IV
  5. Queen Mokope Modjadji V
  6. Queen Makobo Modjadji VI
  7. Prince Regent Mpapada Modjadji
  8. Queen Masalanabo II Modjadji VII, recognised by South African Government in 2017

    Notable people