For a continuous real-valued semimartingale, the local time of at the point is the stochastic process which is informally defined by where is the Dirac delta function and is the quadratic variation. It is a notion invented by Paul Lévy. The basic idea is that is an measure of how much time has spent at up to time. More rigorously, it may be written as the almost sure limit which may always be shown to exist. Note that in the special case of Brownian motion, the term simply reduces to, which explains why it is called the local time of at. For a discrete state-space process, the local time can be expressed more simply as
Tanaka's formula
Tanaka's formula also provides a definition of local time for an arbitrary continuous semimartingale on A more general form was proven independently by Meyer and Wang; the formula extends Itô's lemma for twice differentiable functions to a more general class of functions. If is absolutely continuous with derivative which is of bounded variation, then where is the left derivative. If is a Brownian motion, then for any the field of local times has a modification which is a.s. Hölder continuous in with exponent, uniformly for bounded and. In general, has a modification that is a.s. continuous in and càdlàg in. Tanaka's formula provides the explicit Doob–Meyer decomposition for the one-dimensional reflecting Brownian motion,.
Ray–Knight theorems
The field of local times associated to a stochastic process on a space is a well studied topic in the area of random fields. Ray–Knight type theorems relate the field Lt to an associated Gaussian process. In general Ray–Knight type theorems of the first kind consider the field Lt at a hitting time of the underlying process, whilst theorems of the second kind are in terms of a stopping time at which the field of local times first exceeds a given value.
First Ray–Knight theorem
Let t ≥ 0 be a one-dimensional Brownian motion started from B0 = a > 0, and t≥0 be a standard two-dimensional Brownian motion W0 = 0 ∈ R2. Define the stopping time at which B first hits the origin,. Ray and Knight showed that where t ≥ 0 is the field of local times of t ≥ 0, and equality is in distribution on C. The process |Wx|2 is known as the squared Bessel process.
Second Ray–Knight theorem
Let t ≥ 0 be a standard one-dimensional Brownian motion B0 = 0 ∈ R, and let t ≥ 0 be the associated field of local times. Let Ta be the first time at which the local time at zero exceeds a > 0 Let t ≥ 0 be an independent one-dimensional Brownian motion started from W0 = 0, then Equivalently, the process is equal in distribution to the square of a 0-dimensional Bessel process, and as such is Markovian.
Generalized Ray–Knight theorems
Results of Ray–Knight type for more general stochastic processes have been intensively studied, and analogue statements of both and are known for strongly symmetric Markov processes.
