The Low-Density Supersonic Decelerator or LDSD is a reentry vehicle designed to test techniques for atmospheric entry on Mars. The disc-shaped LDSD uses an inflatable structure called the Supersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator, which is essentially a donut-shaped balloon, to create atmospheric drag in order to decelerate the vehicle before deploying a large supersonic parachute. The goal of the $230 m project is to develop a reentry system capable of landing 2- to 3-ton payloads on Mars, as opposed to the 1-ton limit of the currently used systems. The vehicle is being developed and tested by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Mark Adler is the project manager. The vehicle was tested in 2014 and 2015.
The test flight took place on June 28, 2014, with the test vehicle launching from the United States Navy's Pacific Missile Range Facility on Kauaʻi, Hawaiʻi, at 18:45 UTC. A high-altitude helium balloon, which when fully inflated has a volume of, lifted the vehicle to. The vehicle detached at 21:05 UTC, and four small, solid-fuel rocket motors spun up the vehicle to provide stability. A half second after spin-up, the vehicle's Star 48B solid-fuel motor ignited, powering the vehicle to Mach 4.32 and a peak altitude of. Immediately after rocket burn-out, four more rocket motors despun the vehicle. Upon slowing to Mach 4.08, the tube-shaped Supersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator deployed. SIAD is intended to increase atmospheric drag on the vehicle by increasing the surface area of its leading side, thus increasing the rate of deceleration. Upon slowing to Mach 2.54, the Supersonic Disksail parachute was deployed to slow the vehicle further. This parachute measures in diameter, twice the area of the one used for the Mars Science Laboratory mission. However, it began tearing apart after deployment, and the vehicle impacted the Pacific Ocean at 21:35 UTC travelling. All hardware and data recorders were recovered. Despite the parachute incident, the mission was declared a success; the primary goal was proving the flight worthiness of the test vehicle, while SIAD and SSDS were secondary experiments.
2015 test flights
A second test flight of LDSD took place in June 2015, at the Pacific Missile Range Facility. This test focused on the SIAD-R and Supersonic Ringsail technologies, incorporating lessons learned during the 2014 test. Changes planned for the parachute included a rounder shape and structural reinforcement. After several weather-related scrubs, the flight occurred on June 8. As in the first test, the SIAD structure inflated successfully but the parachute was damaged during deployment. A 3rd test was expected in 2016.
