A lugnut or wheel nut is a fastener, specifically a nut, used to secure a wheel on a vehicle. Typically, lug nuts are found on automobiles, trucks, and other large vehicles using rubber tires.
Design
A lug nut is a nut fastener with one rounded or conical end, used on steel and most aluminum wheels. A set of lug nuts is typically used to secure a wheel to threaded wheel studs and thereby to a vehicle's axles. Some designs use lug bolts or wheel bolts instead of nuts, which screw into a tapped hole in the wheel's hub or brake drum or brake disc. The conical lug's taper is normally 60 degrees, and is designed to center the wheel accurately on the axle, and to reduce the tendency for the nut to loosen, due to fretting induced precession, as the car is driven. One popular alternative to the conical lug seating design is the rounded, hemi-spherical, or ball seat. Automotive manufacturers such as Audi, BMW and Honda use this design rather than a tapered seat, but the nut performs the same function. Older style alloy wheels have a 1/2 to 1 inch cylindrical shank slipping into the wheel to center it and a washer that applies pressure to clamp the wheel to the axle. Wheel lug nuts may have different shapes. Aftermarket alloy and forged wheels often require specific lug nuts to match their mounting holes, so it is often necessary to get a new set of lug nuts when the wheels are changed. There are 4 common lug nut types:
Lug nuts may be removed using a lug, socket or impact wrench. If the wheel is to be removed then an automotive jack to raise the vehicle and some wheel chocks would be used as well. Wheels that have hubcaps or hub covers need these removed beforehand, typically with a screwdriver, flatbar, or prybar. Lug nuts can be difficult to remove, as they may become frozen to the wheel stud. In such cases a breaker bar or repeated blows from an impact wrench can be used to free them. Alternating between tightening and loosening can free especially stubborn lug nuts. Lug nuts must be installed in an alternating pattern, commonly referred to as a star pattern. This ensures a uniform distribution of load across the wheel mounting surface. When installing lug nuts, it is recommended to tighten them with a calibrated torque wrench. While a lug, socket or impact wrench may be used to tighten lug nuts the final tightening should be performed by a torque wrench, ensuring an accurate and adequate load is applied. Torque specifications vary by vehicle and wheel type. Both vehicle and wheel manufacturers provide recommended torque values which should be consulted when an installation is done. Failure to abide by the recommended torque value can result in damage to the wheel and brake rotor/drum. Additionally, under tightened lug nuts may come loose with time.
Detecting loose nuts
In order to allow early detection of loose lug nuts, some large vehicles are fitted with loose wheel nut indicators. The indicator spins with the nut, so that it can be detected with a visual inspection.
Anti-theft nuts or bolts
In countries where the theft of alloy wheels is a serious problem, locking nuts are available - or already fitted by the vehicle manufacturer - which require a special adaptor between the nut and the wrench to fit and remove. The key is normally unique to each set of nuts. Only one locking nut per wheel is normally used, so they are sold in sets of four. Most designs can be defeated using a hardened removal tool which uses a left-hand self-cutting thread to grip the locking nut, although more advanced designs have a spinning outer ring to frustrate such techniques. Most vehicles in the UK and US are fitted with locking wheel nuts or locking wheel bolts, older techniques for removal was to simply hammer a slightly smaller socket over the locking wheel nut to be able to remove it, however since the newer design of locking wheel nuts this is no longer possible. Removal nowadays requires specialist equipment that is not available to the general public, this helps to prevent thieves obtaining the tools to be able to remove the lock nuts themselves.
History
In the United States, vehicles manufactured by the Chrysler Corporation used left-hand and right-hand screw thread for different sides of the vehicle to prevent loosening prior to the 1975 models. Most Buicks, Pontiacs, and Oldsmobiles used both left-handed and right-handed lug nuts prior to model year 1965. It was later realized that the taper seat performed the same function. Most modern vehicles use right-hand threads on all wheels.
