Lunar phase


The lunar phase or Moon phase is the shape of the directly sunlit portion of the Moon as viewed from Earth. The lunar phases gradually change over the period of a synodic month, as the orbital positions of the Moon around Earth and of Earth around the Sun shift.
The Moon's rotation is tidally locked by Earth's gravity; therefore, most of the same lunar side always faces Earth. This near side is variously sunlit, depending on the position of the Moon in its orbit. Thus, the sunlit portion of this face can vary from 0% to 100%. The lunar terminator is the boundary between the illuminated and darkened hemispheres.
Each of the four "intermediate" lunar phases is around 7.4 days, but this varies slightly due to the elliptical shape of the Moon's orbit. Aside from some craters near the lunar poles, such as Shoemaker, all parts of the Moon see around 13.77 days of daylight, followed by 13.77 days of "night"..

Phases of the Moon

There are four principal lunar phases: new moon, first quarter, full moon, and last quarter, when the Moon's ecliptic longitude is at an angle to the Sun of 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°, respectively. Each of these phases appear at slightly different times at different locations on Earth. During the intervals between principal phases are intermediate phases, during which the Moon's apparent shape is either crescent or. The intermediate phases last one-quarter of a synodic month, or 7.38 days, on average. The descriptor waxing is used for an intermediate phase when the Moon's apparent shape is thickening, from new to full moon, and waning when the shape is thinning. The longest duration between full moon to new moon lasts about 15 days and 14.5 hours, while the shortest duration between full moon to new moon lasts only about 13 days and 22.5 hours.

Moon PhaseNorthern HemisphereSouthern HemisphereVisibilityAverage
moonrise time		Mid-phase
standard time		Average
moonset time		Northern HemisphereSouthern HemispherePhotograph
New MoonDisc completely in Sun's shadow
Invisible 6 amNoon6 pm
Not visible
-
Waxing crescentRight side, 0.1%–49.9% lit discLeft side, 0.1–49.9% lit discLate morning to post-dusk9 am3 pm9 pm
First QuarterRight side, 50% lit discLeft side, 50% lit discAfternoon and early eveningNoon6 pmMidnight
Waxing gibbousRight side, 50.1%–99.9% lit discLeft side, 50.1%–99.9% lit discLate afternoon and most of night3 pm9 pm3 am
Full Moon100% illuminated discSunset to sunrise 6 pmMidnight6 am
-
Waning gibbousLeft side, 99.9%–50.1% lit discRight side, 99.9%–50.1% lit discMost of night and early morning9 pm3 am9 am
Last QuarterLeft side, 50% lit discRight side, 50% lit discLate night and morningMidnight6 amNoon
Waning crescentLeft side, 49.9%–0.1% lit discRight side, 49.9%–0.1% lit discPre-dawn to early afternoon3 am9 am3 pm


Non-Western cultures may use a different number of lunar phases; for example, traditional Hawaiian culture has a total of 30 phases.

Waxing and waning

When the Sun and Moon are aligned on the same side of the Earth, the Moon is "new", and the side of the Moon facing Earth is not illuminated by the Sun. As the Moon waxes, the lunar phases progress through new moon, crescent moon, first-quarter moon, moon, and full moon. The Moon is then said to wane as it passes through the gibbous moon, third-quarter moon, crescent moon, and back to new moon. The terms old moon and new moon are not interchangeable. The "old moon" is a waning sliver until the moment it aligns with the Sun and begins to wax, at which point it becomes new again. Half moon is often used to mean the first- and third-quarter moons, while the term quarter refers to the extent of the Moon's cycle around the Earth, not its shape.
When an illuminated hemisphere is viewed from a certain angle, the portion of the illuminated area that is visible will have a two-dimensional shape as defined by the intersection of an ellipse and circle. If the half-ellipse is convex with respect to the half-circle, then the shape will be gibbous, whereas if the half-ellipse is concave with respect to the half-circle, then the shape will be a crescent. When a crescent moon occurs, the phenomenon of earthshine may be apparent, where the night side of the Moon dimly reflects indirect sunlight reflected from Earth.

Orientation by latitude

In the Northern Hemisphere, if the left side of the Moon is dark, then the bright part is thickening, and the Moon is described as . If the right side of the Moon is dark, then the bright part is thinning, and the Moon is described as waning. Assuming that the viewer is in the Northern Hemisphere, the right side of the Moon is the part that is always waxing.
In the Southern Hemisphere, the Moon is observed from a perspective inverted, or rotated 180°, to that of the Northern and to all of the images in this article, so that the opposite sides appear to wax or wane.
Closer to the Equator, the lunar terminator will appear horizontal during the morning and evening. Since the above descriptions of the lunar phases only apply at middle or high latitudes, observers moving towards the tropics from northern or southern latitudes will see the Moon rotated anti-clockwise or clockwise with respect to the images in this article.
The lunar crescent can open upward or downward, with the "horns" of the crescent pointing up or down, respectively. When the Sun appears above the Moon in the sky, the crescent opens downward; when the Moon is above the Sun, the crescent opens upward. The crescent Moon is most clearly and brightly visible when the Sun is below the horizon, which implies that the Moon must be above the Sun, and the crescent must open upward. This is therefore the orientation in which the crescent Moon is most often seen from the tropics. The waxing and waning crescents look very similar. The waxing crescent appears in the western sky in the evening, and the waning crescent in the eastern sky in the morning.

Earthshine

When the Moon as seen from Earth is a thin crescent, Earth as viewed from the Moon is almost fully lit by the Sun. Often, the dark side of the Moon is dimly illuminated by indirect sunlight reflected from Earth, but is bright enough to be easily visible from Earth. This phenomenon is called earthshine and sometimes picturesquely described as "the old moon in the new moon's arms" or "the new moon in the old moon's arms".

Calendar

The Gregorian calendar month, which is of a tropical year, is about 30.44 days, while the cycle of lunar phases repeats every 29.53 days on average. Therefore, the timing of the lunar phases shifts by an average of almost one day for each successive month.
Photographing the Moon's phase every day for a month and arranging the series of photos on a calendar would create a composite image like the example calendar shown on the left. May 20 is blank because a picture would be taken before midnight on May 19 and the next after midnight on May 21.
Similarly, on a calendar listing moonrise or moonset times, some days will appear to be skipped. When moonrise precedes midnight one night, the next moonrise will follow midnight on the next night. The "skipped day" is just a feature of the Moon's eastward movement in relation to the Sun, which at most latitudes, causes the Moon to rise later each day. The Moon follows a predictable orbit every month.

Calculating phase

Each of the four intermediate phases lasts approximately seven days, but varies slightly due to lunar apogee and perigee.
The number of days counted from the time of the new moon is the Moon's "age". Each complete cycle of phases is called a "lunation".
The approximate age of the Moon, and hence the approximate phase, can be calculated for any date by calculating the number of days since a known new moon and reducing this modulo 29.530588853. The difference between two dates can be calculated by subtracting the Julian day number of one from that of the other, or there are simpler formulae giving the number of days since December 31, 1899. However, this calculation assumes a perfectly circular orbit and makes no allowance for the time of day at which the new moon occurred and therefore may be incorrect by several hours.. It is accurate enough to use in a novelty clock application showing lunar phase, but specialist usage taking account of lunar apogee and perigee requires a more elaborate calculation.

Effect of [parallax]

The Earth subtends an angle of about two degrees when seen from the Moon. This means that an observer on Earth who sees the Moon when it is close to the eastern horizon sees it from an angle that is about 2 degrees different from the line of sight of an observer who sees the Moon on the western horizon. The Moon moves about 12 degrees around its orbit per day, so, if these observers were stationary, they would see the phases of the Moon at times that differ by about one-sixth of a day, or 4 hours. But in reality, the observers are on the surface of the rotating Earth, so someone who sees the Moon on the eastern horizon at one moment sees it on the western horizon about 12 hours later. This adds an oscillation to the apparent progression of the lunar phases. They appear to occur more slowly when the Moon is high in the sky than when it is below the horizon. The Moon appears to move jerkily, and the phases do the same. The amplitude of this oscillation is never more than about four hours, which is a small fraction of a month. It does not have any obvious effect on the appearance of the Moon. However, it does affect accurate calculations of the times of lunar phases.

Misconceptions

It might be expected that once every month, when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun during a new moon, its shadow would fall on Earth causing a solar eclipse, but this does not happen every month. Nor is it true that during every full moon, the Earth's shadow falls on the Moon, causing a lunar eclipse. Solar and lunar eclipses are not observed every month because the plane of the Moon's orbit around the Earth is tilted by about 5° with respect to the plane of Earth's orbit around the Sun. Thus, when new and full moons occur, the Moon usually lies to the north or south of a direct line through the Earth and Sun. Although an eclipse can only occur when the Moon is either new or full, it must also be positioned very near the intersection of Earth's orbital plane about the Sun and the Moon's orbital plane about the Earth. This happens about twice per year, and so there are between four and seven eclipses in a calendar year. Most of these eclipses are partial; total eclipses of the Moon or Sun are less frequent.

Footnotes

General