Lvinaya Past
Moekeshiwan, also known as Lvinaya Past, is a volcano in the southern part of Iturup in the Kuril Islands, claimed by Japan and administered by Russia. The volcano is characterized by a large caldera that is flooded by the Sea of Okhotsk. A large eruption occurred early during the Holocene which reached a volcanic explosivity index of 7.
Iturup island contains about nine stratovolcanoes, some pyroclastic cones, one somma volcano and several geothermal fields. Among these, Lvinaya Past is formed by a wide and deep caldera, which is connected with the Sea of Okhotsk by a wide and maximally deep strait. The volcano is high, almost above the bottom of the caldera.
A major eruption occurred 7480 ± 80 BC. The submarine caldera formed during this eruption and heavily altered the topography on Iturup, generating an ignimbrite which joined the three southernmost volcanoes of Iturup to the main island. The total volume of tephra ejected amounts to. This eruption had a volcanic explosivity index of 7, making it one of the largest eruptions that are known to have occurred in the Kuril Islands, and the strongest known to have occurred during the Holocene in the Southern Kurils. Habitats may have been destroyed to distances of from the volcano. The development of alder-containing birch forests in the region may have been favoured by the ash fall from the eruption, which would have killed more susceptible conifers.
Ice cores taken in the Siberian Altai demonstrate increased sulfate concentrations at the time, possibly stemming from large sulfate release by the eruptions of Lvinaya Past and contemporaneous large scale activity at Caldera Fisher in Alaska and Pinatubo in the Philippines.
Lvinaya Past has erupted tholeiitic magmas with a low potassium content. Other rocks include andesite, basaltic andesite, basalt, dacite and picrite. The caldera-forming eruption ejected dacitic material with hornblende and quartz forming phenocrysts. Other volcanoes on Iturup include Astonupuri, Baransky, Berutarube, Bogatyr Ridge, Chirip, Demon, Golets-Tornyi, Grozny Group, Medvezhy and Past.
