Makram Ebeid Pasha was an Egyptian Coptic politician. Ebeid was the Wafd Party secretary-general between 1936 and 1942. He was also the finance minister of Egypt in 1936. Ebeid helped establish the Wafd Party in Egypt, and he believed in liberal politics. He was involved in the 1919 revolution with his friend Saad Zaghloul and was one of the people who were exiled as a punishment, but he eventually returned to Egypt with some of the noble men of that time.
Ebeid came from a prestigious well known family in Upper Egypt. His father was involved in construction work of the railway from Nag Hammadi to Luxor, the completion of which led to being granted the title of bey from the khedive. The family was involved with politics even when Napoleon tried to conquer Egypt, and they were among those who welcomed Napoleon and became his allies. They were continuously praised among the Egyptian people because of their absolute devotion to the country. Though among the wealthiest families of Egypt, they were known to balance both the humble life of the commoners and their noble life with their personal relations to the King. Makram Ebeid was born William Makram Ebeid, one of eleven children. His first name, "William", was later dropped due political concerns with the British protectorate in Egypt. He was noted as one of the brightest of the family, and his education took place at American College in Asyut. Later, Ebeid studied law at The University of Oxford from 1905-1908, one of the youngest ever to be admitted in the college. After graduating, Ebeid moved to France for two years to study Egyptology, and eventually, returned to Egypt.
Rise in Wafd Party
Ebeid returned to Egypt in the midst of nationalistic unrest, and began to involve himself in the Wafd party's struggle for independence led by Saad Zaghloul. The Wafd party called for a delegation, or wafd, to travel to the Peace Conference following the end of World War 1 seeking the means to acquire independence. This request was refused, and the Wafd party eventually turned into a political party following the in 1922, soon beginning to campaign for internal autonomy, constitutional government, civil rights, and Egyptian control of both the Sudan and the Suez Canal. Zaghloul, impressed by Ebeid's intelligence and eloquence, declared him his political son and supporter, marking Ebeid's rise in the ranks of the Wafd party. During this time, Ebeid rejected his father's Protestantism and embraced Coptic Christianity.
Criticism of Wafd Party and Political Decline
Following the death of Saad Zaghloul, the Wafd party began to see a rise in corruption, and a change of guard under new leader Mostafa El-Nahas. Ebeid warned of the rise in corruption within the party and pitfalls under Nahas' leadership in his Black Book, and ended up breaking away from the Wafd party in 1952, forming his own political block, Hizb al-Kutlah al-Wafdiyyah. The rise of disunity and corruption within the ranks of the Wafd marked the decline of Ebeid's position in the political scene.
Legacy
Makram Ebeid has a street in Egypt named after him, and is taught as one of the main heroes of Egypt in history books, he and his family played a major role in forming Egypt's Golden Age. The family to this day is well known among the elite politicians, they are involved in a lot of charity and continue to support liberal politics.
