Mandeville's paradox
Mandeville's paradox is named after Bernard Mandeville, who posits that actions which may be qualified as vicious with regard to individuals have benefits for society as a whole. This is alluded to in the subtitle of his most famous work, The Fable of The Bees: ‘Private Vices, Public Benefits’. He states that "Fraud, Luxury, and Pride must live; Whilst we the Benefits receive.").
The philosopher and economist Adam Smith opposes this, since Mandeville fails, in his opinion, to distinguish between vice and virtue.
