Ogilvie was born in Monymusk, Aberdeenshire in 1864, the eldest daughter of Maria Matilda Nichol and Reverend Alexander Ogilvie, LL.D., headmaster of Robert Gordons College. She had five brothers and two sisters. Her eldest brother, Francis Grant Ogilvie, was also a scientist and director of the London Science Museum. At the age of nine she went to the Merchant CompanyEdinburgh Ladies' College where she remained for nine years, becoming both head girl and the best academic pupil. At the age of 18 she went to the Royal Academy of Music in London where she studied piano. However, she left within a year to start a Bachelor of Science at Heriot-Watt College. She completed her degree, specialising in geology, botany and zoology, in 1890 at University College London. In 1891, she traveled to Germany to continue her studies at Berlin University. She was refused admission as women were not admitted to higher education institutions at the time in Germany, this despite the efforts of several influential friends and colleagues, including geologist Baron Ferdinand von Richthofen She accompanied von Richthofen and his wife to Munich where she studied with Karl von Zittel and Richard von Hertwig and carried out research. In July 1891, the Richthofens travelled to the Dolomites for five weeks, inviting Ogilvie to go with them. It was in the Dolomites with Richthofen that she began to focus her work on geology. In 1893 she was awarded the Doctor of Science in Geology from the University of London and was the first woman to receive this degree. In 1900, she and Agnes Kelly became the first women to be awarded a PhD from the University of Munich, receiving a distinction in the fields of geology, palaeontology and zoology.
Research
All of Maria Gordon's geological research was carried out in the South Tyrol, an area of the Italian Alps close to the border with Austria. This area of the Alps is part of the geologically-complex Dolomites. The Dolomites are a very distinct range of mountains, characterised by high, dramatic peaks, which were thought to have been formed from the remains of coral atolls in an ancient sea. Gordon challenged this idea with her theory of 'crust-torsion', the notion that the mountains had been formed by the pushing, twisting and folding of the earth's crust. Through observation and measurement of the geological structures in the Dolomites, she was able to determine that there were two phases of folding and structural deformation, leading to a new interpretation of the tectonic structure of the Alps. In total, she wrote more than 30 papers based on her research and findings in this region, some of which are considered seminal works. Her biographer described her as "probably the most productive woman field geologist of any country in the late 19th and early 20th centuries."
Politics
She was active in politics as a Liberal and an advocate of Women's Rights. On 8 February 1922 she was selected as prospective parliamentary candidate for the Lloyd George supporting National Liberals at the Canterbury constituency. A General Election was called for November 1922 but on 3 November, she withdrew. Following Liberal re-union between Lloyd George and H. H. Asquith she contested the 1923 General Election as Liberal candidate for the Unionist seat of Hastings, pushing the Labour candidate into third place; As an advocate of women's rights, she served as Vice President of the International Council of Women, Honorary President of the Associated Women's Friendly Society and the National Women's Citizens Association, and also as President of the National Council of Women of Great Britain and Ireland. She played an important part in the post-World War 1 negotiations at the Council for the Representation of Women in the League of Nations. In 2000 to commemorate her contributions to palaeontology, a new fossilised fern genus Gordonopteris Iorigae was named after her. It was discovered in the Triassic sediments of the Dolomites. A room at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich's library, the Maria-Ogilvie-Gordon-Raum, is named in her honour. It houses the map collection of the department of geology.
