Marien Ngouabi


Marien Ngouabi was the third President of the Republic of the Congo from January 1, 1969, to March 18, 1977.

Biography

Origins

Marien Ngouabi was born in 1938 at the village of Ombellé, Cuvette Department, in Kouyou territory to Dominique Osséré m'Opoma and Antoinette Mboualé-Abemba. His family was of humble origin. From 1947 to 1953, he went to primary school in Owando. On 14 September 1953, he went to study at the Ecole des enfants de troupes Général Leclerc in Brazzaville and in 1957, he was sent to Bouar, Oubangui-Chari.
After serving in Cameroon as a member of the second battalion of the tirailleurs with the rank of Sergeant, Ngouabi went to the Ecole Militaire Préparatoire in Strasbourg, France in September 1960 and then to the Ecole Inter-armes at Coëtquidan Saint-Cyr in 1961. He returned to Congo in 1962 as Second Lieutenant and was stationed at the Pointe-Noire garrison. He was assigned to the Pointe-Noire garrison as a deputy commander of an infantry battalion. In 1963, Ngouabi was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant.

Rise to power

In 1965, he created the first battalion of paratroopers in the Congo Republic. Known for his leftist views, in April 1966 Ngouabi was demoted to the rank of soldier second class when he refused to be posted again at Pointe-Noire, after rebelling against the army's inflexibility in politics and voicing strong criticism to the president. President Alphonse Massamba-Débat had Ngouabi and Second Lieutenant Eyabo arrested on July 29, 1968.
Ngouabi's arrest provoked discontent among the military, and on July 31, Ngouabi was freed by soldiers form the Civil Defense. The National Revolutionary Council, headed by Ngouabi, was created on August 5, 1968. On 1 October 1968, he was promoted to the rank of Commanding Officer, a rank he held until his death. Massamba-Débat, whose powers had been curtailed by the CNR, resigned on September 4, and Prime Minister Alfred Raoul served as acting head of state until December 31, 1968, when the CNR formally became the country's supreme authority and Ngouabi, as head of the CNR, assumed the presidency.

Head of state

Once in power, President Ngouabi changed the country's name to the People's Republic of the Congo, declaring it to be Africa's first Marxist–Leninist state, and founded the Congolese Workers' Party as the country's sole legal political party.
Ngouabi was a Koyo from the north and his regime shifted control of the country away from the south. Such moves created opposition among the population in the highly politicized environment of Brazzaville.Bureaucratic centralism, repression and the "mechanism" of the party apparatus, the nguabi's tribalist orientation towards Mboshi and La Cuvette immigrants created opposition within the Communist Party itself, especially its youth organization. In the fall of 1971, the student and school strikes in Brazzaville and Pointe Noire began, severely repressed by the authorities. The situation in the country was severely destabilized. There was an attempted coup in February 1972 that triggered a series of 'purges' of the opposition. It is claimed that Ngouabi was under French pressure to annex the oil-rich Cabinda enclave, a part of Portuguese Angola, and his refusal to act cost him French support. There is some speculation that the French financed some of the following attempts to remove Ngouabi. Starting in February 1973, the army began military operations in the Goma Tse-tse region to dismantle the Diawara maquis. During the same month, Ngouabi denounced another attempted Diawara coup and arrested 45 people, including Pascal Lissouba and Sylvain Bemba, Minister of Information. His trial takes place from March 16 to 23. Several sentences are pronounced, Lissouba was acquitted.
The M22 business abruptly ends on April 24, 1973 with the capture and execution of the maquis. The bodies of Diawara, Ikoko and Bakekolo are toured around Brazzaville and exhibited by Ngouabi in person during a popular gathering held at the Stade de la Révolution. The lack of consideration for the lifeless bodies of the Maquis negatively affected the national opinion that was impacted on their Bantu sensitivity. He visited the People's Republic of China in July 1973.
Ngouabi was re-elected to his post as Chairman of the PCT Central Committee on December 30, 1974; he was additionally elected as Permanent Secretary of the PCT. He was then sworn in as President for another term on January 9, 1975. Also in 1975, he signed an economic aid pact with the Soviet Union.
On March 23, Liutenatl General Pierre Kinganga, in exile in Kinshasa since his alleged June 1969 attempt, disembarks in Brazzaville at the head of a command and attempts to overthrow the Ngouabi regime. His attempt failed and he was shot dead near the national radio station he had just taken. His body and that of his command members who fell with him remained exposed for a long time in front of the radio building. Several enthusiastic young supporters who had joined Kinganga's column were also armed. Captain Augustin Poignet, also involved, manages to escape to Kinshasa,Zaire. A week later, 3 accomplices, sentenced by a court-martial, are executed. Command members and accomplices in the army and gendarmerie are convicted by the revolutionary court. After the events, Marien Ngouabi denounced the involvement of the CIA and President Mobutu Sese Seko of the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo in the coup.
Following this attempt, the PCT met in an extraordinary congress from March 30 to April 2, 1970. The Political Bureau is expanded to 10 members, to the benefit of Ambroise Noumazalaye and Captain Sassou N'Guesso. The Gendarmerie, whose loyalty was not complete during the events, dissolved and its members joined the army. The Council of State is reorganized.
On August 29, 1970, former Minister Stephane-Maurice Bongo-Nouarra was arrested for a counter-revolutionary conspiracy. He was sentenced to 10 years of forced labor.

Assassination

On March 18, 1977, at 14:30 hours, President Ngouabi was assassinated. Those accused of taking part in the assassination were tried and some were executed including Massamba-Débat.
In the aftermath of the assassination, the Military Committee of the Party was named to head an interim government with the conservative Colonel Joachim Yhombi-Opango to serve as Head of State.

Commemoration

March 18 is Marien Ngouabi Day in the Republic of Congo.
The country's only university is the Marien Ngouabi University in Brazzaville. Ngouabi is interred at the Marien Ngouabi Mausoleum in Brazzaville.