Martin Karl Hellinger was a German Nazi dentist who in 1943 was assigned to work at the concentration camp for women at Ravensbrück, with the duty of removing dental gold from those killed at the camp. At the first Ravensbrück trial, beginning in 1946, he was sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment. He was released in 1955 with funds to re-establish a dental practice. Details of his later life are unknown.
Hellinger joined the Schutzstaffel in 1933. He served at Sachsenhausen in 1941 and Flossenbürg concentration camp between 1941 and 1942. From spring of 1943 to 1944, he was at Ravensbrück when he was promoted to Hauptsturmführer. Orders to gather irreparable gold teeth from living people and extract the gold from the mouths of corpses were given by the SS Reichsfürher Heinrich Himmler, on 23 September 1940. Just short of two years later, the collection of gold became enforced and systematic, as a consequence of the organisation of the Final Solution. Should the victim's family have requested the gold, the Reich's security service advised a reply as follows:
..... died in this camp, the corpse has been cremated on the....., which makes it impossible for us to send you back the dental gold.
Hellinger was assigned to Ravensbrück, the camp for women, in 1943. He was one of four camp dentists along with Walter Sonntag. The chief camp doctor was Karl Gebhardt. Dental provision at the camp was almost non-existent. Hellinger paid little attention to dental treatment and greater consideration of his role as an executive SS officer performing general duties alongside the other camp office members. Without attempting to prevent it, in one evening he presided over the execution of over fifty women who did not have any trial. His foremost duty was to remove and collect silver and gold teeth and fillings and tooth bridges to send on to Walther Funk, the President of the Reichsbank. After a medical officer had confirmed death and before any unauthorised removals could occur, Hellinger searched the mouths of the dead for gold. He was present at the executions of three British Special Operations Executive agents, Lilian Rolfe, Denise Bloch and Violette Szabo.
The Ravensbrück trial
The first Ravensbrück trial opened on 3 December 1946, six days before the Nazi doctors' trial in Nuremberg was opened by the United States. Sixteen members of the staff at Ravensbrück were tried by a mixed inter-allied court in the British zone between 5 December 1946 and 3 February 1947. All were found guilty, except one who died during the trial. Eleven were sentenced to death. On arrival at the camp, Hellinger checked victim's teeth for gold that he could retrieve later. In a pre-trial statement, Hellinger acknowledged that his duty was to remove gold teeth from dead bodies. This, he did either by himself or delegated to one of the prisoner assistants. In addition, he would extract gold teeth from “just-executed prisoners”, having waited for them in the crematorium prior to the mass cremations. He claimed that he believed that the dead were legally executed. On 3 February 1947, a British military tribunal in Hamburg sentenced him to 15 years in prison. He was not of the opinion that he neglected his professional duties.
Later life
The Federal Republic of Germany was founded in 1949, resulting in relaxed restrictions on the German courts. Further removal of restrictions occurred with the "Treaty of Transferral" between Germany and the United States, the UK and France on 5 May 1955. Hellinger was released from the British prison for war criminals in Werl on 14 May 1955 and re-established his dental practice with a special grant of 10,000 DM. He practiced for many years after. Six photographs of Hellinger are in the British National Archives.
