Mary Henderson Eastman


Mary Henderson Eastman was an American historian and novelist who is noted for her works about Native American life. She was also an advocate of slavery in the United States. In response to Harriet Beecher Stowe's best-selling anti-slavery Uncle Tom's Cabin, Eastman defended Southern slaveholding society by writing Aunt Phillis's Cabin: or, Southern Life as It Is, which earned her considerable fame. She is the wife of the American illustrator and army officer Seth Eastman.

Biography

Eastman was born on February 24, 1818, in Warrenton, Fauquier County, Virginia to Thomas Henderson, a physician, and Anna Maria Truxtun, the daughter of Commodore Thomas Truxtun. Truxtun was a hero during the United States' Quasi-War with France. As she stated in her novel Aunt Phillis's Cabin, Eastman was a descendant of the First Families of Virginia and had grown up in slaveholding society. She grew up in the state but her family relocated to Washington, D.C. when her father was appointed as assistant surgeon general of the United States Army. It is suggested that she received her education in Washington.
In 1835, she met and married Seth Eastman. Seth, who previously had a Native American wife, was twenty-seven while Mary was seventeen. He was a topographical engineering graduate from West Point and a distinguished painter. He was also the commander of the Confederate prisoner of war compound in New York, which was noted for having the highest mortality rate of any Union stockade.
By 1841, Eastman accompanied her husband when he assumed command of Fort Snelling, where he served until 1848. During this period, Eastman learned the Sioux language to study and record the Sioux customs and lore. Aside from their literary collaboration, she also helped her husband sell his paintings and secure a project with Henry Rowe Schoolcraft.
After the Eastmans returned to the East, they lived in Washington, D.C., where she worked to defend Southern slaveholding society before changing her position on slavery and becoming a Unionist.. Eastman died on February 24, 1887, in Washington, D.C.

Works

When Captain Eastman was appointed commander of Fort Snelling, Eastman used her time to record and preserve the local culture. One of her works was Dacotah, or Life and Legends of the Sioux Around Fort Snelling. It detailed Sioux customs and lore in a somewhat fictionalized account and was based on the account of a Sioux medicine woman called Chequered Cloud. The book, which is claimed to have influenced Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s The Song of Hiawatha and illustrated by her husband, also documented the plight of women in the Sioux society, noting their unjust treatment by cruel and vindictive husbands. Eastman's accounts also included observation on notable personages such as the Indian orator Shah-co-pee, who was cited for his eloquence when addressing his people.
Among the legends Eastman allegedly collected from the Dakota was a version of the death of Winona, the daughter of Chief Red Wing of the Dakota tribe. However, at that time in history, "Winona", which means "first-born", was not in use as a proper name, and the Dakota did not use European titles of royalty. She sent her book to the United States Congress in 1849; it is online on Project Gutenberg.
Eastman also published several books that criticized the white treatment of American Indians. These included Chicora and Other Regions of the Conquerors and the Conquered in which she expressed her anger at the military conquerors and missionaries for their attitude towards the Indians.
In the years of tension before the American Civil War, many writers published novels that dealt with both sides of the slavery issue. Just before the American Civil War, Mary entered the literary "lists" and wrote the bestselling Aunt Phillis's Cabin: or, Southern Life As It Is. Defending slaveholders, she responded as a Southern planter to Harriet Beecher Stowe's anti-slavery work, Uncle Tom's Cabin. Mary Eastman's novel was one of the most widely read anti-Tom novels and a commercial success, selling 20,000–30,000 copies.
Eastman later changed her position on slavery and became a Unionist. It is suggested that the shift in her stance was influenced by her husband's political views and the fact that he and their sons fought for the Union. In 1864, she wrote the book Jennie Wade of Gettysburg in praise of a Union heroine.

Publications