In the north the slopes are from 8% to 30%, while in the south they are less than 8%. The northeast of the region is in the Serra do Cachimbo and the eastern part is in the Serra dos Caiabis and Serra Formosa. These three ranges are well-drained savannas. The ecoregion contains part of the Alto-Xingu, the headwaters of the Xingu River. The central and western area cover a river drainage basin between the Serra do Roncador and the Serra do Formosa. In the east and center most of the soils are ultisols. In the western serras they are mainly entisols and oxisols.
The Köppen climate classification is "Aw": equatorial, dry winter. There is relatively little temperature variation throughout the year. Average temperatures range from to with a mean of. Rainfall varies considerably from month to month, with little rain in June–July and in March. Total annual precipitation is around. The serras in the east have wet seasons that last for 6–8 months. The central body of the ecoregion in Mato Grosso, and the portions to the west, have wet seasons from 8–9 months. During the rainy season from December to May large areas are flooded. In the dry season the porous soil quickly drains the wetlands and pools, leaving large flats and patches of dry forest, savanna and moist forest.
Flora
The Mato Grosso tropical dry forests ecoregion is a transitional zone between the moist forests of the Amazon basin to the north and the cerrado of the Brazilian Highlands to the south. The annual floods and periodic fires in the dry season form a complex mosaic of forest, grasslands and transitional vegetation. The dominant habitat is dry forest, but the ecoregion also contains savannas, gallery forests and areas of dense thicket. Much of the habitat is found in isolated patches within other ecoregions. The soil of the Serra do Cachimbo is white sand. It has an extensive region of campos rupestres, an open plant formation subject to drought growing on rocks that do not retain water. In appearance the campo ruprestre is similar to savanna, but the flora are different with species such as Calea lutea and others that are found in caatinga forest. The central and western areas hold tropical semi-deciduous seasonal forest. Forests are not as lush as those found further west, and the trees are shorter at. Flora includes Piptadenia incurialis and species of the Bowdichia, Hymenaea and Machaerium genera. Cerrado species include Curatella american, Qualea species, and Kielmeyera coriacea.
The World Wildlife Fund gives the Mato Grosso tropical dry forests ecoregion the status "Vulnerable". Construction of highways BR-070 / BR-364 from Brasília to Acre and of highway BR-163 from Cuiabá to Santarém, Pará, have caused rapid growth in the human population. The region has experienced a gold rush, which causes mercury pollution, logging and land clearance for cattle ranching and agriculture. During the period from 2004 to 2011 the ecoregion experienced an annual rate of habitat loss of 0.76%. Global warming will force tropical species to migrate uphill to find areas with suitable temperature and rainfall. Ecoregions such as the Mato Grosso seasonal forests are extremely vulnerable since the deforested strips create barriers to species migration. The Xingu Indigenous Park provides protection for several indigenous groups.
