Medvedev Forest massacre
The Medvedev Forest massacre was a mass execution in the Soviet Union carried out by the NKVD on September 11, 1941. Barely three months after the German invasion of the Soviet Union, 157 political prisoners incarcerated at Oryol Prison were executed in Medvedev Forest, just outside Oryol, by personal order of Joseph Stalin. Among the victims were Christian Rakovsky, Sergei Efron, Olga Kameneva, Garegin Apresov, Maria Spiridonova and Dmitry Pletnyov. In 1941, the Oryol Prison contained some five thousand political prisoners. This execution was one of the many massacres of prisoners committed by the NKVD in 1941.
On 5 September 1941, on the order of Lavrentiy Beria, the NKVD composed a list of 170 Oryol prisoners to be executed. Beria claimed they formed the "more angry part of the prisoners" and that they "performed defeatist agitation and attempted to organize escapes with the aim of renewing underground activities". The list was sent to Stalin, who approved it. On 8 September, Vasiliy Ulrikh, Dmitri Kandybin and Vasiliy Bukanov, without any litigation and without any kind of investigation, sentenced 161 persons to death. By the time of the execution, some in the list had died or had been transferred; some had been released. Boris Borovich, who had been de jure vindicated but had been kept imprisoned for unknown reasons, was nevertheless executed. Many of those executed were foreign citizens, among them Fritz Noether, whose liberation even Albert Einstein had demanded.
