Meshulach A meshulach or SHaDaR is a rabbinical emissary sent to collect charity funds. In the original meaning it was for the rescue of the Yishuv haYashan of Eretz Yisrael , the funds were distributed by the Kollelim in form of Halukka . In recent times, the term has come to mean any charity collector for a Jewish organization. Often an individual meshulach may operate as an independent contractor for several different organizations, taking a portion of the proceeds as profit. The percentage retained by the meshulach is sometimes as high as 49%. In response to the public perception of fraudulent meshulachim, some communities have appointed rabbis or panels to investigate meshulachim and issue them certificates to attest for the validity of their cause. Originally only trustworthy meshulachim were employed. A list of the best-known meshulachim , with their dates and spheres of activity, is provided here: 1441. Esrim ve-Arba‘ah: Europe. 1587. Joseph ben Moses Miṭrani the Elder : Egypt . 1598–1599. Joseph ben Moses Miṭrani the Elder : Istanbul. 1600. Judah de Leon: Italy. 1600s–1606. Joseph ben Moses Miṭrani the Elder : Istanbul. 1650. Nathan ben Reuben David Spiro: Italy and Germany. 1659. Benjamin ha-Levi: the Levant and Italy. 1670s. Judah Sharaf: Livorno, Italy . 1676. Joseph ben Eliezer: Italy and Germany. 1676. Joseph Shalit Riqueti: Italy and Germany. 1688–1692. Ḥezekiah ben David da Silva : Western Europe . 1690. Judah Sharaf: the Levant and Italy. 1695. Avraham Yitzchaḳi: Italy. 1695. Shmuel ha-Kohen: Italy, etc. 1695. Abraham ben Levi Conque: Italy, Germany, and Poland. 1700. Hayyim Asael ben Benjamin: Smyrna. 1705. Gedaliah Hayyim: Italy. 1709. Nathan Mannheim: Germany and Poland. 1709. Jacob of Vilna: Germany and Poland. 1710. David Melammed. 1712. Hayyim Hazzan. 1712. Abraham Rovigo. 1718. Hayyim Jacob ben Jacob David: the Levant and Europe. 1720. Ephraim ben Aaron Nabon: Italy. 1730. David Capsoto: Holland. 1730. Moses Hagiz: the Levant and Europe for a period of 50 years. 1740. Baruch Gad: Media and Persia. 1740s–1749. Ḥayyim ben Elias Moda‘i . 1750 . Baruch of Austria. 1750. Hayyim Joseph David Azulai : the Levant and Europe. 1750. Hayyim Abraham Tzebi: Italy. 1750. Hayyim Mordecai Tzebi: Italy, etc.. 1750. Rahmim Nissim Mizrahi: the Levant and Italy. 1759. Moses Malki: America. 1760. Hayyim Nissim Jeroham of Vilna: Germany. 1760. Yom-Ṭob al-Ghazi: the Levant and Italy. 1760s. Ḥayyim ben Elias Moda‘i : Holland and elsewhere in Europe. 1765. Jacob al-Yashar: Persia. 1767. Issachar Abulafia: Italy. 1770. Abraham Solomon Zalmon: Europe. 1772. Abraham Segre: Germany. 1773. Raphael Chayyim Isaac Carregal: West Indies and the British Colonies of North America . 1776. Jacob Raphael Saraval: Holland and England. 1780. Judah Samuel Ashkenazi. 1783. Abraham ha-Kohen of Lask: Germany and Poland. 1790. David Hayyim Hazzan: Italy. 1793. Yosef Maimon: Bukhara. 1796. Joseph Aben Samon: Tripoli . 1800. Israel of Shklov: Lithuania and Belarus. 1804. Israel Raphael Segre. 1807. Hayyim Baruch of Austria: Germany. 1810. Solomon David Hazzan: the Levant and Italy. 1830. Joseph Edels Ashkenazi: Italy. 1848. Isaac Kovo: Egypt. 1848. Jacob Saphir: Southern countries. 1850. Isaac Farhi: Italy. 1850. Levi Nehemias: Italy. 1850. Joseph Schwarz: the United States . 1854. Jacob Saphir: Yemen , British India , Egypt, and Australia . 1856. Moses Hazzan: the Levant. 1865. Raphael Meir Panigel: Europe. 1870. Moses Pardo: North Africa . 1885. Moses Riwlin: Australia. 1885. Nathan Natkin: the United States. 1890. Abraham ibn Ephraim: Persia. 1894. Yosef Haim HaCohen: Saudi Arabia , Uzbekistan and Caucasus Mountains . 1899. Yosef Haim HaCohen: Bukhara. 1903 : * Shalom Hamadi: Yemen. * Benjamin ha-Kohen: Caucasus, Russia. * J. Meynhas: India . * Eliezer Zalman Grajewski: the United States. * Joshua Loeb Suessenwein: the United States. * Solomon Joseph Eliach . * Yosef Haim HaCohen: Algiers, Constantine, Algeria . 1934. Amram Aburbeh: Morocco.
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