In chemistry, a metal carbonyl cluster is a compound that contains two or more metals linked in part by metal-metal bonds and containing carbon monoxide as the exclusive or predominant ligand. Simple examples include Fe29, Fe312, Mn210. High nuclearity clusters include 2− and the stacked Pt3 triangules 2−.
History
The first metal carbonyl clusters, Fe312, Ir412, and Rh616, were reported starting in the 1930's, often by Walter Hieber. The structures weresubsequently established by X-ray crystallography.. Paolo Chini was a pioneer for the synthesis and characterization of high nuclearity metal carbonyl clusters. His first studies started in 1958, in the attempt to repeat a patent that claimed an improved selectivity in hydroformylation. From a mixture of iron and cobalt carbonyls the first bimetallic carbonyl cluster HFeCo312 was obtained.
Classes of carbonyl clusters
Binary metal carbonyl clusters
Binary carbonyl clusters consist only of metal and CO. They are the most widely studied and used metal carbonyl clusters. They arise in general by the condensation of unsaturatedmetal carbonyls. Dissociation of CO from Ru5 would give Ru4, which could trimerize to Ru312. The reaction mechanisms are more complicated than this simple scenario. Condensation of low molecular weight metal carbonyls requires decarbonylation, which can be induced thermally, photochemically, or using various reagents. The nuclearity of binary metal carbonyl clusters is usually no greater than six.
metal
parent carbonyl
cluster
Fe
Fe5
Fe29, Fe312
Ru
Ru5
Ru312
Os
Os5
Os312
Co
Co28
Co412
Rh
Rh28
Rh412
Ir
Ir28
Ir412
"Chini Clusters"
The synthesis and characterization of the platinum carbonyl dianions 2-, also known as Chini Clusters or more correctly Chini-Longoni clusters, are recognized by the scientific community as the most spectacular result of Chini’s work. Chini clusters follow the general formula of n2−,1 < n < 10. These clusters are prepared by reduction of hexachloroplatinate with strongly basic methanol under an atmosphere of CO. These clusters consist of stacks of triangularly shaped Pt3 subunits. Although these clusters were first reported in 1969 by Chatt and Booth, their structure were not established until Chini and Longoni’s work in 1976. Chini clusters are based on a planar triangular building block that can be condensed as multiple units forming chains usually anywhere from two to ten units long. The chains are formed by stacking of the planar units, extending through platinum to platinum bonds forming trigonal prismatic clusters. Within a triangular unit, the platinum-platinum bond lengths are 2.65 Å and between units the Pt---Pt bond lengths are 3.05 Å. Cluster structure is easily disrupted by deposition onto surfaces such as carbon or silicon, where the chains are broken, but the triangular subunits remain intact. The tetramer 42− is the most common member of this series of clusters. These clusters undergo reversible redox. They catalyze the hydrogenation of alkenes, ketones, aldehydes. Chini clusters can also be converted heterometal clusters and catalyze pH driven redox reactions and transport. First, the Chini clusters are the source of platinum atoms for the mixed metal cluster synthesis. For instance, the reaction 2− with + produces heterometal cluster +. Second, the Chini clusters with redox properties act as a catalyst that helps transport sodium ions and electrons in the same direction across a liquid membrane, driven by pH-gradient. The n-12− platinum clusters, where n = 4 – 6, are reduced by HO-. n2− + 2OH− ↔ nn-12− + H2O + 1/2O2
Metal carbido clusters
Although the nuclearity of binary metal carbonyl clusters is usually six or fewer, carbido clusters often have higher nuclearities. Metal carbonyls of the iron and cobalt triads are well known to form carbido derivatives. Examples include 2− and 2−. Carbonyl carbides exist not only with fully encapsulated carbon but also with exposed carbon centres as in Fe5C15 and Fe4C13. File:Os1024 2-.png|thumb|left|260px|The carbido cluster2−. The bent OsCO units are an artifact of the crystallographic analysis.
Bonding
For low nuclearity clusters, bonding is often described as if it is localized. For this purpose, the eighteen electron rule is used. Thus, 34 electrons in an organometallic complex predicts a dimetallic complex with a metal-metal bond. For higher nuclearity clusters, more elaborate rules are invoked including Jemmis mno rules and Polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory. Although clusters are often written with discrete M-M bonds, the nature of this bonding is unclear, especially when there are bridging ligands.
