Michael T. Ghiselin is an American biologist, and philosopher as well as historian of biology, formerly at the California Academy of Sciences. He is known for his work on sea slugs, and for his criticism of the falsification of the history of Lamarckism in biology textbooks.
Ghiselin is famous for his work on sea slugs, and has had both a species and the defensive chemical that it contains named after him. In 2009 he co-authored a major study on chemical defense with Guido Cimino: Chemical Defense and the Evolution of Opisthobranch Gastropods. . In 1969 he proposed three models including the size-advantage model to explain sequential hermaphroditism. In some fish species, he reasoned, males can maximize their reproductive success by breeding with a harem of females rather than breeding only once as a female. In other species, where the fish live in pairs, it is to an individual's advantage to be male when small and to turn into a female when it is larger. Ghiselin has also worked on the history and philosophy of evolutionary biology. His historical publications have dealt mainly with Darwin and the history of comparative zoology. They include such topics as the influence of alchemy on nineteenth century zoology and the history of the Zoological Station at Naples, Italy. His thought on Darwin's view of selection, whether to the individual or to the group, and sometimes apparently kin selectionist, has been criticised as inconsistent by Helena Cronin. He has criticised the falsification of the history of Lamarck's theory of evolution, where in his view schoolbooks and "textbook-writers have imbued the fictitious Lamarck with an importance that the real Lamarck never had, and they have credited him with ideas that the real Lamarck did not hold. They also have invented a myth in which those ideas are compared falsely with Darwin's ideas, to produce a bogus dichotomy." He has also criticized the views of creationists as non-scientific. His main contribution to philosophy concerns the principles of classification. He is given much of the credit for first theorizing that biological species are not kinds of organisms, but are rather individuals in a philosophical sense. A human being is not a Homo sapiens for the same reason that Ontario is not a Canada. Ghiselin was also the originator of the term "chunks of the genealogical nexus" to describe species. Ghiselin has many interdisciplinary interests, among which is forging links between biology and economics. He is Vice President of the International Society for Bioeconomics, and has served as the Co-Editor of the Journal of Bioeconomics since it was established in 1998. The first academic chair of bioeconomics was established at the University of Siena; as a visiting professor he was its first occupant. As Chair of the Center for the History and Philosophy of Science his main responsibility has been to organize scholarly meetings and to serve as Editor of the volumes based on them. He was made a Guggenheim fellow in 1978.
