In geometry, the midsphere or intersphere of a polyhedron is a sphere which is tangent to every edge of the polyhedron. That is to say, it touches any given edge at exactly one point. Not every polyhedron has a midsphere, but for every polyhedron there is a combinatorially equivalent polyhedron, the canonical polyhedron, that does have a midsphere. The midsphere is so-called because, for polyhedra that have a midsphere, an inscribed sphere and a circumscribed sphere, the midsphere is in the middle, between the other two spheres. The radius of the midsphere is called the midradius.
If is the midsphere of a polyhedron, then the intersection of with any face of is a circle. The circles formed in this way on all of the faces of form a system of circles on that are tangent exactly when the faces they lie in share an edge. Dually, if is a vertex of, then there is a cone that has its apex at and that is tangent to in a circle; this circle forms the boundary of a spherical cap within which the sphere's surface is visible from the vertex. That is, the circle is the horizon of the midsphere, as viewed from the vertex. The circles formed in this way are tangent to each other exactly when the vertices they correspond to are connected by an edge.
Duality
If a polyhedron has a midsphere, then the polar polyhedronwith respect to also has as its midsphere. The face planes of the polar polyhedron pass through the circles on that are tangent to cones having the vertices of as their apexes.
One stronger form of the circle packing theorem, on representing planar graphs by systems of tangent circles, states that every polyhedral graph can be represented by a polyhedron with a midsphere. The horizon circles of a canonical polyhedron can be transformed, by stereographic projection, into a collection of circles in the Euclidean plane that do not cross each other and are tangent to each other exactly when the vertices they correspond to are adjacent. In contrast, there exist polyhedra that do not have an equivalent form with an inscribed sphere or circumscribed sphere. Any two polyhedra with the same face lattice and the same midsphere can be transformed into each other by a projective transformation of three-dimensional space that leaves the midsphere in the same position. The restriction of this projective transformation to the midsphere is a Möbius transformation. There is a unique way of performing this transformation so that the midsphere is the unit sphere and so that the centroid of the points of tangency is at the center of the sphere; this gives a representation of the given polyhedron that is unique up to congruence, the canonical polyhedron. Alternatively, a transformed polyhedron that maximizes the minimum distance of a vertex from the midsphere can be found in linear time; the canonical polyhedron chosen in this way has maximalsymmetry among all choices of the canonical polyhedron.
