Miroslav Hroch

• Phase A: Activists strive to lay the foundation for a national identity. They research the cultural, linguistic, social and sometimes historical attributes of a non- dominant group in order to raise awareness of the common traits—but they do this "without pressing specifically national demands to remedy deficits."
• Phase B: "A new range of activists emerged, who sought to win over as many of their ethnic group as possible to the project of creating a future nation."
• Phase C: The majority of the population forms a mass movement. "In this phase, a full social movement comes into being and movement branches into conservative- clerical, liberal and democratic wings, each with its own program."

1. a 'memory' of some common past, treated as a 'destiny' of the group - or at least of its core constituents;
2. a density of linguistic or cultural ties enabling a higher degree of social communication within the group than beyond it;
3. a conception of the equality of all members of the group organized as a civil society."

   Books

• Social preconditions of national revival in Europe, 1985, English translation of Die Vorkämpfer der nationalen Bewegungen bei den kleinen Völkern Europas, Praha, 1968,.
• In the National Interest. Demands and goals of European national movements of the nineteenth century: a comparative perspective, 2000.
• European nations. Explaining their formation, 2015, English edition of Das Europa der Nationen, 2005.