In complex analysis, a branch of mathematics, Morera's theorem, named after Giacinto Morera, gives an important criterion for proving that a function is holomorphic. Morera's theorem states that a continuous, complex-valued functionf defined on an open setD in the complex plane that satisfies for every closed piecewise C1 curve in D must be holomorphic on D. The assumption of Morera's theorem is equivalent to f having an antiderivative on D. The converse of the theorem is not true in general. A holomorphic function need not possess an antiderivative on its domain, unless one imposes additional assumptions. The converse does hold e.g. if the domain is simply connected; this is Cauchy's integral theorem, stating that the line integral of a holomorphic function along a closed curve is zero. The standard counterexample is the function f = 1/z, which is holomorphic on ℂ − . On any simply connected neighborhood U in ℂ − , 1/z has an antiderivative defined by L = ln + iθ, where z = reiθ. Because of the ambiguity of θ up to the addition of any integer multiple of 2, any continuous choice of θ on U will suffice to define an antiderivative of 1/z on U. And because the derivative of an additive constant is 0, any constant may be added to the antiderivative and it's still an antiderivative of 1/z. In a certain sense, the 1/z counterexample is universal: For every analytic function that has no antiderivative on its domain, the reason for this is that 1/z itself does not have an antiderivative on ℂ − .
Proof
There is a relatively elementary proof of the theorem. One constructs an anti-derivative for f explicitly. Without loss of generality, it can be assumed that D is connected. Fix a point z0 in D, and for any, let be a piecewise C1 curve such that and. Then define the function F to be To see that the function is well-defined, suppose is another piecewise C1 curve such that and. The curve is a closed piecewise C1 curve in D. Then, And it follows that Then using the continuity of f to estimate difference quotients, we get that F′ = f. Had we chosen a different z0 in D, F would change by a constant: namely, the result of integrating f along any piecewise regular curve between the new z0 and the old, and this does not change the derivative. Since f is the derivative of the holomorphic function F, it is holomorphic. The fact that derivatives of holomorphic functions are holomorphic can be proved by using the fact that holomorphic functions are analytic, i.e. can be represented by a convergent power series, and the fact that power series may be differentiated term by term. This completes the proof.
Applications
Morera's theorem is a standard tool in complex analysis. It is used in almost any argument that involves a non-algebraic construction of a holomorphic function.
Morera's theorem can also be used in conjunction with Fubini's theorem and the Weierstrass M-test to show the analyticity of functions defined by sums or integrals, such as the Riemann zeta function or the Gamma function Specifically one shows that for a suitable closed curve C, by writing and then using Fubini's theorem to justify changing the order of integration, getting Then one uses the analyticity of α ↦ xα−1 to conclude that and hence the double integral above is 0. Similarly, in the case of the zeta function, the M-test justifies interchanging the integral along the closed curve and the sum.
Weakening of hypotheses
The hypotheses of Morera's theorem can be weakened considerably. In particular, it suffices for the integral to be zero for every closed triangle T contained in the region D. This in fact characterizes holomorphy, i.e. f is holomorphic on Dif and only if the above conditions hold.
